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Related Experiment Video

Updated: May 19, 2026

Ultrasound Images of the Tongue: A Tutorial for Assessment and Remediation of Speech Sound Errors
08:32

Ultrasound Images of the Tongue: A Tutorial for Assessment and Remediation of Speech Sound Errors

Published on: January 3, 2017

Positional targets for lingual consonants defined using electromagnetic articulography.

Yana Yunusova1, Jeffrey S Rosenthal, Krista Rudy

  • 1Department of Speech-Language Pathology, University of Toronto, 160-500 University Avenue, Toronto, Ontario M5G 1V7, Canada. yana.yunusova@utoronto.ca

The Journal of the Acoustical Society of America
|August 17, 2012
PubMed
Summary

This study mapped lingual consonant positions, finding that cognates and postalveolar consonants share target regions. Alveolar stops, fricatives, and postalveolar consonants show distinct tongue positions for clearer speech production.

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Area of Science:

  • Linguistics
  • Speech Science
  • Articulatory Phonetics

Background:

  • Understanding consonant articulation is crucial for speech production research.
  • Previous studies have explored tongue movements but lacked precise positional data.
  • A point-parameterized approach offers a novel method for analyzing lingual targets.

Purpose of the Study:

  • To determine unique tongue positions for lingual consonants.
  • To investigate the spatial relationships between consonant target regions.
  • To identify how contextual variations affect consonant articulation.

Main Methods:

  • Utilized the Wave system (NDI) for point-parameterized tracking of tongue positions.
  • Recorded nineteen talkers producing vowel-consonant-vowel (VCV) syllables in symmetrical vowel contexts (/i, u, a/).
  • Analyzed target regions (x,y,z coordinates) at maximum tongue elevation and computed distances/overlaps between consonant pairs.

Main Results:

  • Cognates and postalveolar homorganics exhibited shared target region locations.
  • Alveolar stops demonstrated distinct target regions compared to alveolar fricatives.
  • Alveolar fricatives, in turn, differed in target locations from postalveolar consonants.

Conclusions:

  • Tongue positioning for certain consonant classes (cognates, postalveolar homorganics) is not unique.
  • Distinct articulatory targets exist for alveolar stops, alveolar fricatives, and postalveolar consonants.
  • Individual speaking rate and hard palate characteristics influence variability in lingual consonant targets.