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Related Concept Videos

Immunodeficiency Diseases01:25

Immunodeficiency Diseases

Immunodeficiency disorders are conditions in which the immune system's ability to fight infectious disease and cancer is compromised or entirely absent. The immune system comprises a complex network of cells, tissues, and organs that work together to protect the body from potentially harmful invaders. When this system is deficient or not functioning properly, it leaves the body susceptible to infections, diseases, or other complications.
There are three main causes of immunodeficiency disorders...
Diversity of Antigen Receptors01:28

Diversity of Antigen Receptors

Antigen receptors are essential components of the immune system crucial in defending the body against foreign invaders. These receptors are present on the surface of B and T cells, enabling them to recognize antigens and mount an appropriate immune response.
Before encountering any antigen, lymphocytes express these receptors. On B cells, the antigen receptor is a membrane-bound antibody molecule called BCR; on T cells, it is a T cell receptor or TCR. B and T cell receptors are composed of two...
Antibody Structure and Classes01:25

Antibody Structure and Classes

Antibodies, also known as immunoglobulins, are produced by B cells in response to foreign substances, such as bacteria and viruses. These proteins are critical for recognizing and neutralizing these substances, protecting the body from potential harm.
The basic structure of an antibody consists of four protein chains: two identical heavy chains and two identical light chains. These chains are held together by disulfide bonds and other non-covalent interactions, forming a Y-shaped structure.
Humoral Immune Responses01:36

Humoral Immune Responses

Overview
Immunoglobulin-like Cell Adhesion Molecules01:31

Immunoglobulin-like Cell Adhesion Molecules

Immunoglobulin-like cell adhesion molecules or Ig-CAMs are a versatile group of cell surface glycoproteins belonging to the immunoglobulin protein superfamily. Ig-CAMs possess the characteristic immunoglobulin protein domains and other domains such as the fibronectin type III domain. The Ig domains are glycosylated to varying degrees in different Ig-CAMs.
Ig-CAMs exhibit either homophilic binding (to other Ig-CAMs) or heterophilic binding (to other ligands such as integrins). While most Ig-CAMs...
Antigens Involved in Adaptive Immunity01:26

Antigens Involved in Adaptive Immunity

An antigen is any substance the immune system identifies as foreign and potentially harmful to the body, prompting an immune response. Antigens have two functional properties: immunogenicity and reactivity. Immunogenicity is the ability of an antigen to stimulate a specific immune response. At the same time, reactivity describes the antigen's ability to react with the cells and antibodies produced in response to it.
Complete Antigens
Complete antigens possess both immunogenicity and reactivity.

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Corrigendum to "Natural history of clinical manifestations in activated phosphoinositide 3-kinase δ syndrome (APDS): Time-to-event analyses using the European Society for Immunodeficiencies-APDS registry" [Clinical Immunology 283 (2025) 110632].

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Related Experiment Video

Updated: May 19, 2026

Induction and Assessment of Class Switch Recombination in Purified Murine B Cells
09:49

Induction and Assessment of Class Switch Recombination in Purified Murine B Cells

Published on: August 13, 2010

Immunoglobulin class-switch recombination deficiencies.

Anne Durandy, Sven Kracker

    Arthritis Research & Therapy
    |August 17, 2012
    PubMed
    Summary
    This summary is machine-generated.

    Immunoglobulin class-switch recombination deficiencies (Ig-CSR-Ds) impair antibody production. Studying these rare conditions reveals key B-cell mechanisms for antibody maturation and disease diagnosis.

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    Recombinant Retroviral Production and Infection of B Cells

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    Induction and Assessment of Class Switch Recombination in Purified Murine B Cells
    09:49

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    Published on: August 13, 2010

    Analysis of Somatic Hypermutation in the JH4 intron of Germinal Center B cells from Mouse Peyer's Patches
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    Recombinant Retroviral Production and Infection of B Cells
    09:19

    Recombinant Retroviral Production and Infection of B Cells

    Published on: February 18, 2011

    Area of Science:

    • Immunology
    • Genetics

    Background:

    • Immunoglobulin class-switch recombination deficiencies (Ig-CSR-Ds) are rare primary immunodeficiencies affecting IgG, IgA, and IgE production.
    • These deficiencies can be linked to impaired somatic hypermutation (SHM), impacting antibody diversity.
    • Understanding Ig-CSR and SHM mechanisms is crucial for diagnosing and treating these conditions.

    Purpose of the Study:

    • To elucidate the molecular mechanisms underlying immunoglobulin class-switch recombination (Ig-CSR) and somatic hypermutation (SHM).
    • To identify the genetic defects responsible for Ig-CSR deficiencies.
    • To improve the understanding of antibody maturation and its clinical implications.

    Main Methods:

    • Studying natural human mutants with Ig-CSR deficiencies.
    • Investigating T cell-B cell interactions, including CD40-mediated signaling.
    • Analyzing intrinsic B-cell mechanisms like activation-induced cytidine deaminase (AID) and DNA repair pathways.

    Main Results:

    • Identified key roles for T cell-B cell interaction, intrinsic B-cell factors, and DNA repair in Ig-CSR and SHM.
    • Highlighted the involvement of uracil-N-glycosylase and mismatch repair pathways.
    • Revealed that several mechanisms for full antibody maturation remain undefined.

    Conclusions:

    • Elucidating molecular defects in Ig-CSR-Ds is essential for understanding Ig diversification.
    • This knowledge aids in defining the clinical spectrum of associated diseases.
    • Improved understanding facilitates the development of accurate diagnostic and therapeutic strategies.