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Related Concept Videos

Tissue Transplantation01:24

Tissue Transplantation

Tissue transplantation is a significant medical procedure involving the transfer of cells, tissues, or organs from a donor to a recipient, with the primary aim of restoring lost functions. This procedure is crucial in treating a broad spectrum of diseases, including kidney diseases, liver failure, heart disease, and certain types of cancers.
The Biology of Tissue Transplantation
The biology of tissue transplantation hinges on the Major Histocompatibility Complex (MHC) molecules. These molecules...

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Related Experiment Video

Updated: May 19, 2026

Surgical Approach to Full Soft Tissue Face Allograft Procurement for Vascularized Composite Allotransplantation
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Surgical Approach to Full Soft Tissue Face Allograft Procurement for Vascularized Composite Allotransplantation

Published on: December 30, 2025

Facial transplantation.

Kumaran Shanmugarajah1, Shehan Hettiaratchy, Peter E M Butler

  • 1Royal Free Hospital, University College London, London, UK.

Current Opinion in Otolaryngology & Head and Neck Surgery
|August 17, 2012
PubMed
Summary
This summary is machine-generated.

Facial transplantation has evolved into a clinical reality, offering significant functional improvements for recipients. While acute rejection is common, it

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Single-stage Dynamic Reanimation of the Smile in Irreversible Facial Paralysis by Free Functional Muscle Transfer

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Area of Science:

  • Surgical innovation in reconstructive medicine.
  • Transplantation immunology and clinical outcomes.

Background:

  • Facial transplantation has transitioned from experimental to clinical application.
  • Over 21 full face transplants have been performed globally.

Purpose of the Study:

  • To review clinical outcomes of facial transplantation.
  • To identify lessons learned from early cases.

Main Methods:

  • Review of clinical data from 21 facial transplant cases.
  • Analysis of functional recovery, rejection episodes, and complications.

Main Results:

  • Significant improvements in facial function (smiling, smelling, eating, speaking) reported.
  • Good sensory recovery observed, with slower motor recovery.
  • Acute rejection episodes are common but manageable with immunosuppression.
  • No cases of chronic rejection observed; long-term follow-up is promising.
  • Complications related to immunosuppression, including malignancy, have occurred.

Conclusions:

  • Facial transplantation demonstrates encouraging clinical outcomes.
  • Standardized outcome measures are needed for future studies.
  • Facial transplantation should be performed by experienced multidisciplinary teams.