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Visual System

Visual System

Light enters the eye through the cornea, a transparent, dome-shaped surface covering the surface of the eyeball that helps to direct and focus incoming light. This light is then channeled toward the pupil, an adjustable opening whose size is controlled by the iris. The iris, a pigmented muscle, regulates the amount of light entering the eye by contracting or dilating the pupil, thereby ensuring optimal light levels for clear vision.
Once through the pupil, the light passes through the lens, a...

Vision

Vision

Vision is the result of light being detected and transduced into neural signals by the retina of the eye. This information is then further analyzed and interpreted by the brain. First, light enters the front of the eye and is focused by the cornea and lens onto the retina—a thin sheet of neural tissue lining the back of the eye. Because of refraction through the convex lens of the eye, images are projected onto the retina upside-down and reversed.

Parallel Processing

Parallel Processing

The brain processes sensory information rapidly due to parallel processing, which involves sending data across multiple neural pathways at the same time. This method allows the brain to manage various sensory qualities, such as shapes, colors, movements, and locations, all concurrently. For instance, when observing a forest landscape, the brain simultaneously processes the movement of leaves, the shapes of trees, the depth between them, and the various shades of green. This enables a quick and...

Motor and Sensory Areas of the Cortex

Motor and Sensory Areas of the Cortex

The cerebral cortex, the brain's outermost layer, is pivotal in processing complex cognitive tasks, emotions, and various sensory inputs and executing voluntary motor activities. This intricate structure is divided into three primary functional areas: the motor areas, sensory areas, and association areas.
Motor Areas
The motor areas located in the frontal lobe are central to controlling voluntary movements. This region is further subdivided into the primary motor cortex and the premotor cortex.

Long-Term Memory

Long-Term Memory

Long-term memory is a relatively permanent type of memory, capable of storing vast amounts of information over extended periods. Its storage capacity is generally considered unlimited.
Long-term memory can be categorized into two primary types: explicit and implicit memory. Explicit memory, also known as declarative memory, involves the conscious recollection of information that we deliberately try to remember, recall, and articulate. This type of memory encompasses specific facts, events, and...

Association Areas of the Cortex

Association Areas of the Cortex

Association areas are regions of the cerebral cortex that do not have a specific sensory or motor function. Instead, they integrate and interpret information from various sources to enable higher cognitive processes such as memory, learning, and decision-making. Some key association areas include the following:
Prefrontal Association Area: This area is located in the frontal lobe and is involved in planning, decision-making, and moderating social behavior. It connects with primary motor areas,...

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Related Experiment Video

Updated: May 19, 2026

Simultaneous Eye Tracking and Single-Neuron Recordings in Human Epilepsy Patients

Simultaneous Eye Tracking and Single-Neuron Recordings in Human Epilepsy Patients

Published on: June 17, 2019

Long-term memory search across the visual brain.

Milan Fedurco¹

¹Michelin Recherche Technique, S.A., Route André-Piller 30, 1762 Givisiez, Fribourg, Switzerland. milan.fedurco@gmail.com

Neural Plasticity

|August 18, 2012

Summary

Understanding how visual perceptions become long-term memories is crucial. This review explores visual memory formation, focusing on brain mechanisms and molecular processes involved in retaining visual information.

Area of Science:

Neuroscience
Molecular Biology
Cognitive Science

Background:

Visual signal transmission from retina to cortex is understood.
The transformation of visual perception into long-term memory remains unclear.

Purpose of the Study:

To review BOLD fMRI and molecular studies on visual memory formation.
To explore how retinal images become visual maps and long-term memories.
To investigate the role of amygdala projections and multisensory perception in memory encoding.

Main Methods:

Review of Blood Oxygenation Level-Dependent functional Magnetic Resonance Imaging (BOLD fMRI) studies in humans.
Analysis of molecular biology studies in animal models.
Examination of the broken object paradigm for memory encoding.

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Eye Movement Monitoring of Memory

Eye Movement Monitoring of Memory

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Topographical Estimation of Visual Population Receptive Fields by fMRI

Published on: February 3, 2015

Related Experiment Videos

Last Updated: May 19, 2026

Simultaneous Eye Tracking and Single-Neuron Recordings in Human Epilepsy Patients

Simultaneous Eye Tracking and Single-Neuron Recordings in Human Epilepsy Patients

Published on: June 17, 2019

Eye Movement Monitoring of Memory

Eye Movement Monitoring of Memory

Published on: August 15, 2010

Topographical Estimation of Visual Population Receptive Fields by fMRI

Topographical Estimation of Visual Population Receptive Fields by fMRI

Published on: February 3, 2015

Main Results:

Visual memory formation involves complex processing beyond simple retinotropic maps.
Amygdala projections to the visual cortex influence memory formation.
Maintenance of visual long-term memories requires specific receptor recycling (AMPAR, β(2)-adrenoreceptors) dependent on NSF and PKMζ.

Conclusions:

Visual memory encoding and maintenance involve intricate neural and molecular mechanisms.
Further experimental techniques are needed to fully elucidate visual memory capacity.
Specific molecular pathways, including receptor recycling, are critical for preserving visual long-term memories.