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Related Concept Videos

Muscles of the Forearm that Move the Hand and Fingers01:16

Muscles of the Forearm that Move the Hand and Fingers

The muscles of the forearm that move the wrist, hand, and digits are numerous and diverse. They can be classified into two groups based on their location and function — the anterior and posterior compartment muscles.
Anterior Compartment
The anterior compartment muscles originate from the humerus. They primarily function as flexors and are also known as flexor muscles. They typically insert on the carpals, metacarpals, and phalanges. The superficial layer includes the flexor carpi radialis,...
Huntington Disease l: Introduction01:21

Huntington Disease l: Introduction

Huntington disease or HD is a progressive, fatal neurodegenerative disorder inherited in an autosomal dominant pattern.PathophysiologyIt is caused by expansion of the CAG trinucleotide repeat in the HTT gene on chromosome 4 (4p16.3), producing an abnormal huntingtin protein with an expanded polyglutamine tract. This misfolded protein disrupts cellular function, leading to neuronal death. Normal alleles have ≤26 repeats, 27–35 are intermediate (risk of expansion), 36–39 show reduced penetrance,...
Muscles that Move the Forearm01:16

Muscles that Move the Forearm

The muscles that move the forearms can be divided into four groups: forearm flexors, forearm extensors, forearm pronators, and forearm supinators. The flexors and extensors act on the elbow joint, while the pronators and supinators act on the radioulnar joints.
Forearm Flexors
The biceps brachii, brachialis, and brachioradialis are forearm flexors. The biceps brachii is made up of two heads. Its long head originates at the supraglenoid tubercle of the scapula, whereas that of the short head is...
Disorders of the Autonomic Nervous System01:18

Disorders of the Autonomic Nervous System

The autonomic nervous system (ANS) is an intricate network of nerves that controls functions such as the regulation of heart rate, digestion, and blood pressure regulation. When this system malfunctions, it can lead to various disorders that affect multiple bodily functions. One common feature of many autonomic disorders is the involvement of smooth blood vessels, which play a crucial role in regulating blood flow throughout the body.
Raynaud's disease, also known as Raynaud's phenomenon, is a...
Spinal Nerves: Plexus I01:22

Spinal Nerves: Plexus I

Nerve plexuses are networks of interlacing nerves that serve as communication hubs to distribute and organize nerve action across various body regions. The nerve plexuses are organized into the cervical plexus located in the neck region, brachial plexus in the shoulder area, lumbar plexus found in the lower back, sacral plexus situated in the pelvis, and coccygeal plexus located in the coccygeal region.
The Cervical Plexus
The cervical plexus, formed by the anterior rami of the first four...
Bones of the Upper Limb: Ulna01:15

Bones of the Upper Limb: Ulna

The ulna and radius are parallel bones of the antebrachium or the forearm. The ulna lies medially and consists of a bony tip called the olecranon process at its proximal end. This hook-like projection articulates with the olecranon fossa of the humerus and forms the "hinged" ulnohumeral part of the elbow joint. This joint facilitates forearm extension and flexion while preventing its hyperextension. Similarly, the coronoid process, another bony projection on the proximal/anterior side of the...

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Related Experiment Video

Updated: May 19, 2026

Ultrasound-Guided Needle Release Combined with Corticosteroid Injection for the Treatment of Supinator Syndrome
05:18

Ultrasound-Guided Needle Release Combined with Corticosteroid Injection for the Treatment of Supinator Syndrome

Published on: May 26, 2023

Hypothenar hammer syndrome.

David Dreizin1, Jean Jose

  • 1University of Miami Miller School of Medicine, Jackson Memorial Hospital, Department of Radiology, Miami, Florida 33136, USA. jjose@med.miami.edu

American Journal of Orthopedics (Belle Mead, N.J.)
|August 18, 2012
PubMed
Summary
This summary is machine-generated.

Hypothenar hammer syndrome, caused by repetitive injury to the ulnar artery, requires early recognition. Imaging and angiography aid diagnosis, guiding treatment for this underdiagnosed condition.

Related Experiment Videos

Last Updated: May 19, 2026

Ultrasound-Guided Needle Release Combined with Corticosteroid Injection for the Treatment of Supinator Syndrome
05:18

Ultrasound-Guided Needle Release Combined with Corticosteroid Injection for the Treatment of Supinator Syndrome

Published on: May 26, 2023

Area of Science:

  • Vascular Surgery
  • Diagnostic Imaging
  • Occupational Medicine

Background:

  • Hypothenar hammer syndrome is a rare condition caused by repetitive microtrauma to the ulnar artery.
  • It often occurs in occupational or recreational activities and is likely underdiagnosed.
  • Delays in diagnosis and treatment can lead to significant morbidity.

Purpose of the Study:

  • To highlight key imaging features for diagnosing Hypothenar hammer syndrome.
  • To review the diagnostic gold standard and management options.
  • To emphasize the importance of early recognition to reduce morbidity.

Main Methods:

  • Review of specific imaging features across ultrasound, computed tomography, and magnetic resonance imaging.
  • Discussion of catheter-directed angiography as the gold standard for diagnosis.
  • Presentation of management strategies based on disease severity and ulnar artery aneurysm presence.

Main Results:

  • Specific imaging findings can strongly suggest Hypothenar hammer syndrome in the correct clinical setting.
  • Catheter-directed angiography provides definitive diagnosis.
  • Management varies depending on the severity and presence of an aneurysm.

Conclusions:

  • Early recognition of Hypothenar hammer syndrome is crucial to minimize morbidity.
  • A combination of advanced imaging and angiography is essential for accurate diagnosis.
  • Tailored management strategies are necessary for effective treatment.