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Related Concept Videos

Formation of Species01:31

Formation of Species

Speciation describes the formation of one or more new species from one or sometimes multiple original species. The resulting species are discrete from the parent species, and barriers to reproduction will typically exist. There are two primary mechanisms, speciation with and without geographic isolation—allopatric and sympatric speciation, respectively.
Position-effect Variegation02:32

Position-effect Variegation

In 1928, a German botanist Emil Heitz observed the moss nuclei with a DNA binding dye. He observed that while some chromatin regions decondense and spread out in the interphase nucleus, others do not. He termed them euchromatin and heterochromatin, respectively. He proposed that the heterochromatin regions reflect a functionally inactive state of the genome. It was later confirmed that heterochromatin is transcriptionally repressed, and euchromatin is transcriptionally active chromatin.
Types of Selection01:46

Types of Selection

Natural selection influences the frequencies of particular alleles and phenotypes within populations in several different ways. Primarily, natural selection can be directional, stabilizing, or disruptive. Directional selection favors one extreme trait and shifts the population towards that phenotype while selecting against individuals displaying alternate traits. Stabilizing selection favors an intermediate trait with a narrow range of variation. Deviation from the optimal phenotype towards an...
Genetics of Speciation02:16

Genetics of Speciation

Speciation is the evolutionary process resulting in the formation of new, distinct species—groups of reproductively isolated populations.
Gene Flow02:39

Gene Flow

Gene flow is the transfer of genes among populations, resulting from either the dispersal of gametes or from the migration of individuals.
Frequency-dependent Selection01:21

Frequency-dependent Selection

When the fitness of a trait is influenced by how common it is (i.e., its frequency) relative to different traits within a population, this is referred to as frequency-dependent selection. Frequency-dependent selection may occur between species or within a single species. This type of selection can either be positive—with more common phenotypes having higher fitness—or negative, with rarer phenotypes conferring increased fitness.

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Related Experiment Video

Updated: May 19, 2026

Methods for Staging Pupal Periods and Measurement of Wing Pigmentation of Drosophila guttifera
08:03

Methods for Staging Pupal Periods and Measurement of Wing Pigmentation of Drosophila guttifera

Published on: January 24, 2018

Spatial sorting may explain evolutionary dynamics of wing polymorphism in pygmy grasshoppers.

H Berggren1, J Tinnert1, A Forsman1

  • 1Ecology and Evolution in Microbial Model Systems, EEMiS, School of Natural Sciences, Linnaeus University, Kalmar, Sweden.

Journal of Evolutionary Biology
|August 21, 2012
PubMed
Summary

Wing polymorphism in pygmy grasshoppers is genetically determined. The long-winged morph is more common in disturbed habitats, suggesting evolutionary changes driven by habitat-dependent movement.

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Visually Sexing Loggerhead Shrike (Lanius Ludovicianus) Using Plumage Coloration and Pattern
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Visually Sexing Loggerhead Shrike (Lanius Ludovicianus) Using Plumage Coloration and Pattern

Published on: March 8, 2020

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Last Updated: May 19, 2026

Methods for Staging Pupal Periods and Measurement of Wing Pigmentation of Drosophila guttifera
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Methods for Staging Pupal Periods and Measurement of Wing Pigmentation of Drosophila guttifera

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Visually Sexing Loggerhead Shrike (Lanius Ludovicianus) Using Plumage Coloration and Pattern
04:10

Visually Sexing Loggerhead Shrike (Lanius Ludovicianus) Using Plumage Coloration and Pattern

Published on: March 8, 2020

Area of Science:

  • Evolutionary biology
  • Ecology
  • Genetics

Background:

  • Wing polymorphism in insects is a key model for studying evolutionary dynamics and population divergence.
  • Dispersal-enhancing traits, like wing morphology, are crucial for understanding adaptation and speciation.
  • The pygmy grasshopper Tetrix subulata exhibits wing polymorphism, making it suitable for investigating these evolutionary processes.

Purpose of the Study:

  • To investigate the evolutionary dynamics of wing polymorphism in Tetrix subulata.
  • To determine the roles of divergent selection, trade-offs, behavior, and spatial sorting in this phenomenon.
  • To understand how environmental factors influence the frequency of different wing morphs.

Main Methods:

  • Analysis of >2800 wild-caught individuals from 13 populations.
  • Common garden and mother-offspring resemblance studies to assess genetic basis.
  • Performance trials to evaluate flight capability.
  • Mark-recapture studies to track movement patterns.
  • Reproductive output assessment for different morphs.

Main Results:

  • The incidence of the long-winged (macropterous) morph is higher and changes faster in disturbed, successional habitats compared to stable ones.
  • Genetic variation, not developmental plasticity, underlies population and family differences in morph frequency.
  • Only macropterous morphs can fly, with flight propensity varying by environment.
  • No significant differences in movement distance or reproductive output between long- and short-winged females were observed.
  • Spatial sorting, driven by phenotype- and habitat-dependent dispersal, appears to be a key factor.

Conclusions:

  • Wing polymorphism in Tetrix subulata is primarily influenced by genetic factors and environmental conditions.
  • Spatial sorting, mediated by differential emigration and immigration based on morph and habitat, drives evolutionary modifications.
  • The study highlights the importance of habitat disturbance and spatial dynamics in shaping insect dispersal evolution.