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Updated: May 19, 2026

Optogenetic Activation of Afferent Pathways in Brain Slices and Modulation of Responses by Volatile Anesthetics
Published on: July 23, 2020
Anesthetic considerations for awake craniotomy for epilepsy and functional neurosurgery
Kirstin M Erickson1, Daniel J Cole
1Department of Anesthesiology, Mayo Clinic College of Medicine, 200 First Street SE, Rochester, MN 55901, USA. erickson.kirstin@mayo.edu
Abstract:
The two most common neurosurgical procedures that call for an awake patient include epilepsy surgery and functional neurosurgery. Monitoring patients in the awake state allows more aggressive resection of epileptogenic foci in functionally important brain regions. Careful patient selection and preparation combined with attentive monitoring and anticipation of events are fundamental to a smooth awake procedure. Current pharmacologic agents and techniques at the neuroanesthesiologist's disposal facilitate an increasing number of procedures performed in awake patients.
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