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Related Experiment Video

Updated: May 19, 2026

Muscle Imbalances: Testing and Training Functional Eccentric Hamstring Strength in Athletic Populations

Muscle Imbalances: Testing and Training Functional Eccentric Hamstring Strength in Athletic Populations

Published on: May 1, 2018

Trunk muscularity in throwers.

N I Tanaka¹, T Komuro, N Tsunoda

¹Division of Health Promotion and Exercise, National Institute of Health and Nutrition, Tokyo, Japan. tanaka-n@nih.go.jp

International Journal of Sports Medicine

|August 21, 2012

Summary

Track and field throwers exhibit greater trunk muscle volume, particularly in the upper region, compared to non-athletes. Lower trunk muscle mass significantly predicts strength and throwing performance in athletes.

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Method to Measure Tone of Axial and Proximal Muscle

Method to Measure Tone of Axial and Proximal Muscle

Published on: December 14, 2011

Area of Science:

Sports Science
Biomechanics
Anatomy

Background:

Trunk musculature plays a crucial role in athletic performance, especially in power-based sports.
Understanding the specific adaptations of trunk muscles in elite athletes is essential for performance optimization.

Purpose of the Study:

To compare trunk skeletal muscle volume (SMV(trunk)) between track and field throwers and non-athletes.
To investigate the predictive value of trunk muscularity for athletic performance in throwers.

Main Methods:

Magnetic resonance imaging (MRI) was used to determine SMV(trunk) in 19 athletes and 18 non-athletes.
Trunk SMV was analyzed across upper, middle, and lower regions.
Athletes' maximal strength (1RM) for squat, high clean, deadlift, and shot forward throwing scores were measured.

Main Results:

Athletes displayed a 10% greater SMV(trunk) than non-athletes, with greater differences observed in the upper trunk region.
Lower trunk SMV was a significant predictor for 1RM values in squat, high clean, and deadlift.
Lower trunk SMV also significantly predicted shot forward throwing performance.

Conclusions:

Track and field throwers possess enhanced trunk muscularity, predominantly in the upper region.
Lower trunk muscle development is a key determinant of maximal strength and throwing performance in this athlete group.