Jove
Visualize
Contact Us
JoVE
x logofacebook logolinkedin logoyoutube logo
ABOUT JoVE
OverviewLeadershipBlogJoVE Help Center
AUTHORS
Publishing ProcessEditorial BoardScope & PoliciesPeer ReviewFAQSubmit
LIBRARIANS
TestimonialsSubscriptionsAccessResourcesLibrary Advisory BoardFAQ
RESEARCH
JoVE JournalMethods CollectionsJoVE Encyclopedia of ExperimentsArchive
EDUCATION
JoVE CoreJoVE BusinessJoVE Science EducationJoVE Lab ManualFaculty Resource CenterFaculty Site
Terms & Conditions of Use
Privacy Policy
Policies

Related Concept Videos

Post-traumatic Stress Disorder01:27

Post-traumatic Stress Disorder

Post-traumatic stress disorder (PTSD) is a psychiatric condition that arises following exposure to traumatic events such as natural disasters, forced displacement, or severe accidents. It significantly impairs individuals' ability to cope with daily activities and disrupts their emotional and psychological equilibrium.
Symptoms and Behavioral Manifestations
A spectrum of distressing symptoms characterizes PTSD. Recurrent flashbacks, where individuals involuntarily relive traumatic events, are a...
Traumatic Brain Injury l: Introduction01:28

Traumatic Brain Injury l: Introduction

DefinitionTraumatic brain injury, or TBI, is a disturbance of normal brain function induced by an external mechanical force, such as a direct blow to the head or a penetrating injury. It can affect both brain structure and function, producing a wide range of clinical outcomes. TBI is a heterogeneous condition, meaning its effects may differ based on the type, location, and severity of the injury.Basis of ClassificationTBI is classified based on severity, injury mechanism, or pathophysiology. In...

You might also read

Related Articles

Articles linked to this work by shared authors, journal, and citation graph.

Sort by
Same author

Preinjury and Injury-Related Risk Factors Associated With Concussion Clinical Profiles Screening (CP Screen) and Clinician-Adjudicated Profiles.

The Journal of head trauma rehabilitation·2026
Same author

The development and mixed-method stakeholder evaluation of a sport-related concussion symptom and treatment monitoring system in community rugby.

Irish journal of medical science·2026
Same author

Connecting the Dots: Network Analysis of the Concussion Clinical Profiles Screening among Adolescents.

The Journal of pediatrics·2026
Same author

Prevalence of Neck Pain and Disability in Patients With Concussion: A Survey Study.

Clinical journal of sport medicine : official journal of the Canadian Academy of Sport Medicine·2026
Same author

The Effect of Mild Traumatic Brain Injury on the Hypothalamic-Pituitary-Ovarian Axis: A Narrative Review.

Journal of neurotrauma·2026
Same author

Utility of Amyloid Beta and Tau Positron Emission Tomography Scans for Identifying Early-Stage Neurodegenerative Changes in Former Professional Football Players and Healthy Controls: Results from the Brain Health Initiative.

Journal of neurotrauma·2026

Related Experiment Video

Updated: May 19, 2026

A Multi-Modal Approach to Assessing Recovery in Youth Athletes Following Concussion
10:31

A Multi-Modal Approach to Assessing Recovery in Youth Athletes Following Concussion

Published on: September 25, 2014

A revised factor structure for the post-concussion symptom scale: baseline and postconcussion factors.

Anthony P Kontos1, R J Elbin, Phillip Schatz

  • 1University of Pittsburgh Medical Center, Center for Sports Medicine, 3200 South Water Street, Pittsburgh, PA 15203, USA. akontos@pitt.edu

The American Journal of Sports Medicine
|August 21, 2012
PubMed
Summary

Concussion symptom factors differ between baseline and post-injury states, with distinct patterns observed in athletes. Understanding these differences is key for effective concussion management and recovery strategies.

More Related Videos

Development and Implementation of a Multi-Disciplinary Technology Enhanced Care Pathway for Youth and Adults with Concussion
08:13

Development and Implementation of a Multi-Disciplinary Technology Enhanced Care Pathway for Youth and Adults with Concussion

Published on: January 20, 2019

A Neuroscientific Approach to the Examination of Concussions in Student-Athletes
11:32

A Neuroscientific Approach to the Examination of Concussions in Student-Athletes

Published on: December 8, 2014

Related Experiment Videos

Last Updated: May 19, 2026

A Multi-Modal Approach to Assessing Recovery in Youth Athletes Following Concussion
10:31

A Multi-Modal Approach to Assessing Recovery in Youth Athletes Following Concussion

Published on: September 25, 2014

Development and Implementation of a Multi-Disciplinary Technology Enhanced Care Pathway for Youth and Adults with Concussion
08:13

Development and Implementation of a Multi-Disciplinary Technology Enhanced Care Pathway for Youth and Adults with Concussion

Published on: January 20, 2019

A Neuroscientific Approach to the Examination of Concussions in Student-Athletes
11:32

A Neuroscientific Approach to the Examination of Concussions in Student-Athletes

Published on: December 8, 2014

Area of Science:

  • Sports Medicine
  • Neurology
  • Psychometrics

Background:

  • Symptom reporting is crucial for concussion assessment and management.
  • Previous research on the Post-Concussion Symptom Scale (PCSS) factor structure used limited samples and did not fully evaluate sex and age differences.
  • Understanding the factor structure of concussion symptoms is vital for accurate diagnosis and treatment.

Purpose of the Study:

  • To analyze the factor structure of the 22-item Post-Concussion Symptom Scale (PCSS) in high school and collegiate athletes at baseline and postconcussion.
  • To investigate sex and age-related differences in concussion symptom factor scores.
  • To provide a robust analysis of the PCSS factor structure across different athlete populations and injury states.

Main Methods:

  • Exploratory factor analysis (EFA) was applied to large datasets of athletes.
  • Baseline data included 30,455 athletes (mean age 15.74 years), and postconcussion data included 1,438 athletes (mean age 17.14 years).
  • Analysis evaluated factor loadings at baseline and 1-7 days post-sport-related concussion.

Main Results:

  • At baseline, a 4-factor structure emerged: cognitive-sensory, sleep-arousal, vestibular-somatic, and affective.
  • Postconcussion, a different 4-factor structure was identified: cognitive-fatigue-migraine, affective, somatic, and sleep.
  • High school athletes showed higher baseline cognitive-sensory and vestibular-somatic symptoms, while female athletes reported higher postconcussion symptoms across all factors.

Conclusions:

  • Concussion symptom factors differ significantly between baseline and post-injury periods.
  • A global postconcussion symptom factor emerged, encompassing cognitive, fatigue, and migraine symptoms, emphasizing the need for rest.
  • Age and sex differences in symptom reporting highlight the importance of tailored concussion management approaches.