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Related Concept Videos

Regulation of Expression at Multiple Steps01:23

Regulation of Expression at Multiple Steps

The gene expression in cells is regulated at different stages: (i) transcription, (ii) RNA processing, (iii) RNA localization, and (iv) translation. Transcriptional regulation is mediated by regulatory proteins such as transcription factors, activators, or repressors—these control gene expression by initiating or inhibiting the transcription of genes. Once a precursor or pre-mRNA is produced, it undergoes post-transcriptional modification, including 5' capping, splicing, and the addition of a...
Regulation of Expression Occurs at Multiple Steps02:24

Regulation of Expression Occurs at Multiple Steps

Gene expression can be regulated at almost every step from gene to protein. Transcription is the step that is most commonly regulated. This involves the binding of proteins to short regulatory sequences on the DNA. This association can either promote or inhibit the transcription of a gene associated with the respective sequence.
Transcription results in the generation of precursor (pre-mRNA) that consists of both exons and introns, which needs further processing before being translated to a...
Regulation of Expression Occurs at Multiple Steps02:24

Regulation of Expression Occurs at Multiple Steps

Gene expression can be regulated at almost every step from gene to protein. Transcription is the step that is most commonly regulated. This involves the binding of proteins to short regulatory sequences on the DNA. This association can either promote or inhibit the transcription of a gene associated with the respective sequence.
Transcription results in the generation of precursor (pre-mRNA) that consists of both exons and introns, which needs further processing before being translated to a...
Translational Regulation01:29

Translational Regulation

Translational regulation in prokaryotes ensures efficient protein synthesis by controlling ribosome access to mRNA. This regulation is mediated by secondary RNA structures, including translational riboswitches, RNA thermometers, and small RNAs (sRNAs), which respond to intracellular and environmental signals to modulate gene expression.Translational RiboswitchesRiboswitches in the leader region of mRNAs can regulate translation by altering the accessibility of the Shine-Dalgarno (SD) sequence,...
Regulation of Nuclear Protein Sorting01:45

Regulation of Nuclear Protein Sorting

Nuclear protein sorting regulates nucleus composition and gene expression, crucial for determining the fate of a eukaryotic cell. Hence, the entry and exit of molecules across the nuclear envelope is a tightly controlled process. Nuclear protein sorting can be inhibited by one of the following ways: 1) masking cargo signal sequences, 2) modifying the nuclear receptor's affinity for cargo, 3) controlling the nuclear pore size, 4) retaining the cargo during its transit to the cytosol or the...
Regulated mRNA Transport02:22

Regulated mRNA Transport

In eukaryotes, transcription and translation are compartmentalized; an mRNA is first synthesized in the nucleus and then selectively transported to the cytoplasm for protein synthesis. Before transport, a pre-mRNA undergoes several steps of post-transcriptional modifications including splicing, 5' capping, and the addition of a poly-adenine tail. Various proteins bind to the pre-mRNA during these modifications. The mRNA transport takes place with the help of multiple proteins playing specific...

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Related Experiment Video

Updated: May 19, 2026

Polysome Fractionation and Analysis of Mammalian Translatomes on a Genome-wide Scale
10:56

Polysome Fractionation and Analysis of Mammalian Translatomes on a Genome-wide Scale

Published on: May 17, 2014

Consolidation and translation regulation.

Shunit Gal-Ben-Ari1, Justin W Kenney, Hadile Ounalla-Saad

  • 1Sagol Department of Neurobiology, University of Haifa, Haifa 31905, Israel.

Learning & Memory (Cold Spring Harbor, N.Y.)
|August 21, 2012
PubMed
Summary

mRNA translation regulation is crucial for memory and synaptic plasticity in the brain. Understanding these processes, including up-regulation and down-regulation, requires advanced proteomic and systems biology approaches.

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Related Experiment Videos

Last Updated: May 19, 2026

Polysome Fractionation and Analysis of Mammalian Translatomes on a Genome-wide Scale
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Polysome Fractionation and Analysis of Mammalian Translatomes on a Genome-wide Scale

Published on: May 17, 2014

Rapid In Vivo Fixation and Isolation of Translational Complexes from Eukaryotic Cells
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Published on: December 25, 2021

Toeprinting Analysis of Translation Initiation Complex Formation on Mammalian mRNAs
10:37

Toeprinting Analysis of Translation Initiation Complex Formation on Mammalian mRNAs

Published on: May 10, 2018

Area of Science:

  • Molecular Biology
  • Neuroscience
  • Systems Biology

Background:

  • mRNA translation (protein synthesis) converts genetic code to cellular activity.
  • Translation involves initiation, elongation, and termination, with initiation being rate-limiting.
  • Regulation of translation impacts cellular function, particularly in the brain for memory and synaptic plasticity.

Purpose of the Study:

  • To detail the relationship between translation regulation and memory/synaptic plasticity consolidation.
  • To focus on cortical-dependent taste learning and hippocampal-dependent plasticity models.
  • To introduce a systems biology perspective for understanding consolidation.

Main Methods:

  • Review of existing literature on mRNA translation and its regulation.
  • Focus on specific learning and plasticity models (cortical taste learning, hippocampal plasticity).
  • Discussion of the need for novel proteomic and systems biology methods.

Main Results:

  • Translation regulation is a key mechanism for memory and synaptic plasticity consolidation in the normal brain.
  • Dysregulation of translation can lead to pathological brain function, such as memory impairment.
  • Both normal and abnormal translation can result in translational up-regulation or down-regulation of specific mRNAs.

Conclusions:

  • Control of mRNA translation is vital for normal brain function, memory, and synaptic plasticity.
  • Disruptions in translation contribute to neurological disorders.
  • Advanced systems biology and proteomic approaches are necessary to fully elucidate these complex processes in the brain.