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Related Concept Videos

Electron Configuration of Multielectron Atoms03:26

Electron Configuration of Multielectron Atoms

The alkali metal sodium (atomic number 11) has one more electron than the neon atom. This electron must go into the lowest-energy subshell available, the 3s orbital, giving a 1s22s22p63s1 configuration. The electrons occupying the outermost shell orbital(s) (highest value of n) are called valence electrons, and those occupying the inner shell orbitals are called core electrons. Since the core electron shells correspond to noble gas electron configurations, we can abbreviate electron...
Noble Gases02:54

Noble Gases


The elements in group 18 are noble gases (helium, neon, argon, krypton, xenon, and radon). They earned the name “noble” because they were assumed to be nonreactive since they have filled valence shells. In 1962, Dr. Neil Bartlett at the University of British Columbia proved this assumption to be false.
Coordination Number and Geometry02:57

Coordination Number and Geometry

For transition metal complexes, the coordination number determines the geometry around the central metal ion. Table 1 compares coordination numbers to molecular geometry. The most common structures of the complexes in coordination compounds are octahedral, tetrahedral, and square planar.
Ionic Crystal Structures02:42

Ionic Crystal Structures

Ionic crystals consist of two or more different kinds of ions that usually have different sizes. The packing of these ions into a crystal structure is more complex than the packing of metal atoms that are the same size.
Most monatomic ions behave as charged spheres, and their attraction for ions of opposite charge is the same in every direction. Consequently, stable structures for ionic compounds result (1) when ions of one charge are surrounded by as many ions as possible of the opposite...
Coordination Compounds and Nomenclature02:54

Coordination Compounds and Nomenclature

In most main group element compounds, the valence electrons of the isolated atoms combine to form chemical bonds that satisfy the octet rule. For instance, the four valence electrons of carbon overlap with electrons from four hydrogen atoms to form CH4. The one valence electron leaves sodium and adds to the seven valence electrons of chlorine to form the ionic formula unit NaCl (Figure 1a). Transition metals do not normally bond in this fashion. They primarily form coordinate covalent bonds, a...
Structural Isomerism02:34

Structural Isomerism

Isomerism in Complexes
Isomers are different chemical species that have the same chemical formula. Structural isomerism of coordination compounds can be divided into two subcategories, the linkage isomers and coordination-sphere isomers.
Linkage isomers occur when the coordination compound contains a ligand that can bind to the transition metal center through two different atoms. For example, the CN− ligand can bind through the carbon atom or through the nitrogen atom. Similarly, SCN− can be...

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Related Experiment Video

Updated: May 19, 2026

Chemical Precipitation Method for the Synthesis of Nb2O5 Modified Bulk Nickel Catalysts with High Specific Surface Area
08:13

Chemical Precipitation Method for the Synthesis of Nb2O5 Modified Bulk Nickel Catalysts with High Specific Surface Area

Published on: February 19, 2018

Nioboaeschynite-(Ce), Ce(NbTi)O(6).

Shaunna M Morrison, Robert T Downs, Kenneth J Domanik

    Acta Crystallographica. Section E, Structure Reports Online
    |August 21, 2012
    PubMed
    Summary

    Nioboaeschynite-(Ce), a rare earth mineral, exhibits a unique crystal structure with distinct cation sites. Refinement reveals structural details and cation displacements, offering insights into the aeschynite group.

    Area of Science:

    • Mineralogy and crystallography
    • Geochemistry of rare earth elements

    Background:

    • Nioboaeschynite-(Ce) is a member of the aeschynite mineral group, with the general formula AB(2)(O,OH)(6).
    • The aeschynite group comprises rare earth elements, Ca, Th, or Fe at the A site and Ti, Nb, Ta, or W at the B site.

    Purpose of the Study:

    • To elucidate the detailed crystal structure of nioboaeschynite-(Ce).
    • To analyze the cation distribution and bonding characteristics within the mineral structure.

    Main Methods:

    • Single-crystal X-ray diffraction refinement was employed to determine the crystal structure.
    • Analysis of cation site occupancies and bond lengths was performed.

    Main Results:

    • The crystal structure features edge-sharing [(Nb,Ti)O(6)] octahedra forming a 3D framework with A sites in channels.

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    Synthesis of Nine-atom Deltahedral Zintl Ions of Germanium and their Functionalization with Organic Groups
    08:15

    Synthesis of Nine-atom Deltahedral Zintl Ions of Germanium and their Functionalization with Organic Groups

    Published on: February 11, 2012

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    Last Updated: May 19, 2026

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    Published on: February 19, 2018

    Niobium Oxide Films Deposited by Reactive Sputtering: Effect of Oxygen Flow Rate
    08:23

    Niobium Oxide Films Deposited by Reactive Sputtering: Effect of Oxygen Flow Rate

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    Synthesis of Nine-atom Deltahedral Zintl Ions of Germanium and their Functionalization with Organic Groups
    08:15

    Synthesis of Nine-atom Deltahedral Zintl Ions of Germanium and their Functionalization with Organic Groups

    Published on: February 11, 2012

  • Average A-O and B-O bond lengths were determined to be 2.471 Å and 1.993 Å, respectively.
  • A site splitting was observed, with Ca displaced from Ce, attributed to crystal-chemical differences between Ce(3+) and Ca(2+).

    • Conclusions:

    • The structural study provides a detailed understanding of nioboaeschynite-(Ce) and its relation to other aeschynite group minerals.
    • Observed cation displacements highlight the influence of ionic size and charge on crystal structure in complex oxides.