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Related Concept Videos

Qualitative Analysis03:46

Qualitative Analysis

For solutions containing mixtures of different cations, the identity of each cation can be determined by qualitative analysis. This technique involves a series of selective precipitations with different chemical reagents, each reaction producing a characteristic precipitate for a specific group of cations. Metal ions within a group are further separated by varying the pH, heating the mixture to redissolve a precipitate, or adding other reagents to form complex ions.
For instance, group IV...
α-Bromination of Carboxylic Acids: Hell–Volhard–Zelinski Reaction01:15

α-Bromination of Carboxylic Acids: Hell–Volhard–Zelinski Reaction

The method to achieve α-brominated carboxylic acids using a mixture of phosphorus tribromide and bromine is known as the Hell–Volhard–Zelinski reaction. The reaction is catalyzed by phosphorus tribromide, which can be used directly or produced in situ from red phosphorus and bromine. The mechanism comprises PBr3 catalyzed conversion of acid to acid bromide and hydrogen bromide. The acid bromide enolizes to its enol form in the presence of HBr. The nucleophilic enol attacks the bromine molecule...
Carboxylic Acids to Methylesters: Alkylation using Diazomethane01:33

Carboxylic Acids to Methylesters: Alkylation using Diazomethane

Carboxylic acids react with diazomethane in an ether solvent via alkylation at the carboxylate oxygen atom to give methyl esters of the corresponding acid with excellent yields.
Diazonium Group Substitution: –OH and –H01:19

Diazonium Group Substitution: –OH and –H

Nitrous acid, a weak acid, is prepared in situ via the reaction of sodium nitrite with a strong acid under cold conditions. This nitrous acid prepared in situ reacts with primary arylamines to form arenediazonium salts. Such reactions are known as diazotization reactions. As shown in Figure 1, the formation of arenediazonium salts begins with the decomposition of nitrous acid in an acidic solution to give nitrosonium ions.
Halogenation of Alkenes02:46

Halogenation of Alkenes

Halogenation is the addition of chlorine or bromine across the double bond in an alkene to yield a vicinal dihalide. The reaction occurs in the presence of inert and non-nucleophilic solvents, such as methylene chloride, chloroform, or carbon tetrachloride.
Consider the bromination of cyclopentene. Molecular bromine is polarized in the proximity of the π electrons of cyclopentene. An electrophilic bromine atom adds across the double bond, forming a cyclic bromonium ion intermediate.
Preparation of Alkynes: Dehydrohalogenation02:34

Preparation of Alkynes: Dehydrohalogenation

Introduction
Alkynes can be prepared by dehydrohalogenation of vicinal or geminal dihalides in the presence of a strong base like sodium amide in liquid ammonia. The reaction proceeds with the loss of two equivalents of hydrogen halide (HX) via two successive E2 elimination reactions.

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Related Experiment Video

Updated: May 19, 2026

Combining Solid-state and Solution-based Techniques: Synthesis and Reactivity of Chalcogenidoplumbates(II or IV)
10:42

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Published on: December 29, 2016

Propane-1,3-diammonium dichromate(VI).

Sonia Trabelsi, Houda Marouani, Salem S Al-Deyab

    Acta Crystallographica. Section E, Structure Reports Online
    |August 21, 2012
    PubMed
    Summary

    This study characterizes a novel compound, propane-1,3-diammonium dichromate. Its crystal structure reveals alternating layers of dichromate anions and diammonium cations linked by hydrogen bonds.

    Area of Science:

    • Inorganic Chemistry
    • Crystallography
    • Materials Science

    Background:

    • Dichromate compounds exhibit diverse structural motifs.
    • Organic cations can influence inorganic anion packing and properties.
    • Hydrogen bonding plays a crucial role in crystal engineering.

    Purpose of the Study:

    • To synthesize and characterize a new organic-inorganic hybrid compound.
    • To elucidate the crystal structure and intermolecular interactions of propane-1,3-diammonium dichromate.
    • To investigate the role of hydrogen bonding in the self-assembly of this material.

    Main Methods:

    • Single-crystal X-ray diffraction was employed to determine the molecular and crystal structure.
    • Infrared spectroscopy was used to identify functional groups and confirm hydrogen bonding.

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  • Powder X-ray diffraction was utilized for phase purity analysis.

    • Main Results:

    • The compound crystallizes as discrete dichromate anions (Cr(2)O(7)^2-) with an eclipsed conformation and propane-1,3-diammonium cations (C(3)H(12)N(2)^2+).
    • Both ions possess a mirror plane, contributing to the overall symmetry.
    • Alternating columns of cations and anions are formed along the b-axis.
    • Extensive intra- and inter-column hydrogen bonding (N-H⋯O and C-H⋯O) links the ions, with dichromate oxygen atoms acting as acceptors.

    Conclusions:

    • Propane-1,3-diammonium dichromate represents a new crystalline material with a well-defined layered structure.
    • Hydrogen bonding is the primary driving force for the observed supramolecular architecture.
    • The study provides insights into the structure-property relationships in organic-inorganic hybrid materials.