Jove
Visualize
Contact Us
JoVE
x logofacebook logolinkedin logoyoutube logo
ABOUT JoVE
OverviewLeadershipBlogJoVE Help Center
AUTHORS
Publishing ProcessEditorial BoardScope & PoliciesPeer ReviewFAQSubmit
LIBRARIANS
TestimonialsSubscriptionsAccessResourcesLibrary Advisory BoardFAQ
RESEARCH
JoVE JournalMethods CollectionsJoVE Encyclopedia of ExperimentsArchive
EDUCATION
JoVE CoreJoVE BusinessJoVE Science EducationJoVE Lab ManualFaculty Resource CenterFaculty Site
Terms & Conditions of Use
Privacy Policy
Policies

Related Concept Videos

Aldehydes and Ketones with Water: Hydrate Formation01:20

Aldehydes and Ketones with Water: Hydrate Formation

An oxygen-based nucleophile, like water, can undergo addition reactions with aldehydes and ketones. The reaction leads to the formation of hydrates, also referred to as 1,1-diols or geminal diols.
The formation of hydrates is a reversible reaction. Hydrate formation is influenced by steric and electronic factors accompanying the alkyl substituents on the carbonyl group: The rate of hydrate formation increases with a decrease in the number of alkyl groups attached to the carbonyl carbon. Hence,...
Hemoglobin01:24

Hemoglobin

Hemoglobin is a globular protein made up of four subunits. Two of these subunits are alpha chains, and the other two are beta chains. Each subunit contains a molecule of heme, which has an iron atom and can bind to oxygen. When an oxygen molecule binds to one heme group, it changes the shape of hemoglobin, making it easier for the other heme groups to bind oxygen as well.
When all four heme groups are bound to oxygen, the resulting molecule is called oxyhemoglobin. As a result, arterial blood...
Hydration of Cement01:24

Hydration of Cement

Hydration of cement is a chemical reaction between cement particles and water. This process occurs primarily through two mechanisms: through-solution and topochemical. In the through-solution process, anhydrous compounds dissolve into their constituents, hydrates form in the solution, and then precipitate from the supersaturated solution. The topochemical process involves solid-state reactions at the cement particle surface. The through-solution process dominates the topochemical process at the...
Aldehydes and Ketones with HCN: Cyanohydrin Formation Overview01:32

Aldehydes and Ketones with HCN: Cyanohydrin Formation Overview

Cyanohydrins are compounds that contain –CN and –OH groups on the same carbon atom. They are formed by the nucleophilic addition of the cyanide ions to the carbonyl group. Cyanide ions are highly basic and nucleophilic and can be generated from HCN under aqueous conditions. However, since HCN is a weak acid, the number of cyanide ions generated is very small. Hence, a small amount of base or KCN/NaCN is added to HCN to increase the concentration of the cyanide ions in the reaction mixture.
Aldehydes and Ketones with HCN: Cyanohydrin Formation Mechanism01:10

Aldehydes and Ketones with HCN: Cyanohydrin Formation Mechanism

Cyanohydrins are formed when cyanide nucleophiles and carbonyl compounds like aldehydes and ketones react. A strong base, the cyanide ion, catalyzes cyanohydrin formation. The ions are generated from HCN under aqueous conditions. Once the cyanide ions are generated, the first step involves the nucleophilic attack of the cyanide ions on the electrophilic carbonyl carbon. This attack shifts the π electrons from the C=O to the oxygen atom forming the alkoxide ion intermediate. The alkoxide anion...
Ionic Compounds: Formulas and Nomenclature03:34

Ionic Compounds: Formulas and Nomenclature

An element composed of atoms that readily lose electrons (a metal) can react with an element composed of atoms that readily gain electrons (a nonmetal) to produce ions through complete electron transfer. The compound formed by this transfer is stabilized by the electrostatic attractions (ionic bonds) between the oppositely charged ions.

You might also read

Related Articles

Articles linked to this work by shared authors, journal, and citation graph.

Sort by
Same author

Tri‑, Tetra‑, Octa-Nuclear Copper Complexes Including the First Mode Cubane-like {Cu<sub>4</sub>O<sub>3</sub>N} Core: Synthesis, Structure, and Magnetic Properties.

ACS omega·2026
Same author

Synthesis NMR characterization and X-ray structure of α,β-unsaturated steroid spiroketal lactones. evaluation of cytotoxicity and anti-inflammatory activity.

Steroids·2026
Same author

Spontaneous Reduction of Cu(II) Complexes with Imidazole-Derived Ligands in Acetonitrile.

Molecules (Basel, Switzerland)·2026
Same author

Novel non-symmetric POCOP-Ni(II) pincer complexes derived from 2,4-dihydroxybenzaldehyde.

Dalton transactions (Cambridge, England : 2003)·2026
Same author

<i>N</i>,<i>N</i>'-Bis[tris-(hy-droxy-meth-yl)meth-yl]propane-1,3-di-amine (bis-tris propane).

IUCrData·2026
Same author

Separation of Benzene-Cyclohexane at the Liquid-Solid and Vapor-Solid Interfaces Using Adaptive Molecular Crystals of Acyclic B←N Receptors with a 1,2,4,5-Tetrazine Core.

ACS applied materials & interfaces·2026

Related Experiment Video

Updated: May 19, 2026

A Direct, Early Stage Guanidinylation Protocol for the Synthesis of Complex Aminoguanidine-containing Natural Products
09:04

A Direct, Early Stage Guanidinylation Protocol for the Synthesis of Complex Aminoguanidine-containing Natural Products

Published on: September 9, 2016

Diosgenin hemihydrate.

María-Guadalupe Hernández Linares, Sylvain Bernès, Marcos Flores-Alamo

    Acta Crystallographica. Section E, Structure Reports Online
    |August 21, 2012
    PubMed
    Summary

    The crystal structure of diosgenin hemihydrate was determined, revealing two similar diosgenin molecules and a water molecule. This finding advances our understanding of steroid crystal packing and hydrogen bonding interactions.

    Area of Science:

    • Crystallography
    • Organic Chemistry
    • Materials Science

    Background:

    • Diosgenin is a crucial precursor for progesterone synthesis via the Marker degradation.
    • The Marker degradation is an economically significant process in steroid chemistry.
    • Only one prior X-ray structure of diosgenin (dimethyl sulfoxide solvate) was known.

    Purpose of the Study:

    • To determine and characterize the crystal structure of diosgenin hemihydrate.
    • To investigate the molecular arrangement and intermolecular interactions in the diosgenin hemihydrate crystal.

    Main Methods:

    • Single-crystal X-ray diffraction analysis was employed.
    • The crystal structure was solved and refined.
    • Hydrogen bonding networks and crystal packing were analyzed.

    More Related Videos

    Facile Preparation of Ultrafine Aluminum Hydroxide Particles with or without Mesoporous MCM-41 in Ambient Environments
    05:50

    Facile Preparation of Ultrafine Aluminum Hydroxide Particles with or without Mesoporous MCM-41 in Ambient Environments

    Published on: May 11, 2017

    Dioscin Mediated IgA Nephropathy Alleviation by Inhibiting B Cell Activation In Vivo and Decreasing Galactose-Deficient IgA1 Production In Vitro
    14:18

    Dioscin Mediated IgA Nephropathy Alleviation by Inhibiting B Cell Activation In Vivo and Decreasing Galactose-Deficient IgA1 Production In Vitro

    Published on: October 13, 2023

    Related Experiment Videos

    Last Updated: May 19, 2026

    A Direct, Early Stage Guanidinylation Protocol for the Synthesis of Complex Aminoguanidine-containing Natural Products
    09:04

    A Direct, Early Stage Guanidinylation Protocol for the Synthesis of Complex Aminoguanidine-containing Natural Products

    Published on: September 9, 2016

    Facile Preparation of Ultrafine Aluminum Hydroxide Particles with or without Mesoporous MCM-41 in Ambient Environments
    05:50

    Facile Preparation of Ultrafine Aluminum Hydroxide Particles with or without Mesoporous MCM-41 in Ambient Environments

    Published on: May 11, 2017

    Dioscin Mediated IgA Nephropathy Alleviation by Inhibiting B Cell Activation In Vivo and Decreasing Galactose-Deficient IgA1 Production In Vitro
    14:18

    Dioscin Mediated IgA Nephropathy Alleviation by Inhibiting B Cell Activation In Vivo and Decreasing Galactose-Deficient IgA1 Production In Vitro

    Published on: October 13, 2023

    Main Results:

    • The crystal structure of diosgenin hemihydrate (C(27)H(42)O(3)·0.5H(2)O) was successfully determined.
    • The asymmetric unit contains two diosgenin molecules and one water molecule, exhibiting similar conformations.
    • Distinctive hydrogen-bonded motifs (R(5)(4)(10) rings) involving steroid hydroxyl groups and water molecules were observed.
    • A backbone of fused edge-sharing R(10) rings, oriented along [100], was identified, mediating the aggregation of diosgenin molecules.

    Conclusions:

    • The study provides the first detailed structural insight into diosgenin hemihydrate.
    • The observed hydrogen bonding and packing arrangements offer valuable information for understanding diosgenin's solid-state properties.
    • This structural data contributes to the broader knowledge of steroid crystallography and intermolecular interactions.