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Related Concept Videos

Acidity and Basicity of Alcohols and Phenols02:36

Acidity and Basicity of Alcohols and Phenols

Like water, alcohols are weak acids and bases. This is attributed to the polarization of the O–H bond making the hydrogen partially positive. Moreover, the electron pairs on the oxygen atom of alcohol make it both basic and nucleophilic. Protonation of an alcohol converts hydroxide, a poor leaving group, into water—a good one. The two acid–base equilibria corresponding to ethanol are depicted below.
Formation of Halohydrin from Alkenes02:41

Formation of Halohydrin from Alkenes

An alkene, such as propene, reacts with bromine in the presence of water to yield a halohydrin. Halohydrins contain a halogen and a hydroxyl group attached to adjacent carbons. When the halogen is bromine, it is called a bromohydrin, while a chlorohydrin has chlorine as the halogen.
Structure and Nomenclature of Alcohols and Phenols02:23

Structure and Nomenclature of Alcohols and Phenols

Overview
Alcohols are one of the most important functional groups in organic chemistry. The name of alcohol comes from the hydrocarbon from which it is derived. Alcohols are organic molecules containing the functional hydroxyl or –OH group directly bonded to carbon. Phenols have an OH group directly attached to a benzene ring. While alcohols are colorless, phenol is a white crystalline compound with a characteristic "hospital smell" odor.
As with other organic compounds, alcohols and phenols...
Structure and Nomenclature of Ethers02:28

Structure and Nomenclature of Ethers

Structure and Bonding
Ethers are organic compounds with an ether functional group which is characterized by an oxygen atom connected to two — identical or different — alkyl, aryl, or vinyl groups. The C–O–C linkage in dimethyl ether — the simplest ether — has an approximately tetrahedral bond angle of 110.3 degrees. The oxygen atom is sp3- hybridized, with the C–O distance being about 140 pm.
Classification of Ethers
Based on their attached substituent groups, ethers can be classified into two...
Hydrolysis of Chlorobenzene to Phenol: Dow Process01:10

Hydrolysis of Chlorobenzene to Phenol: Dow Process

Simple aryl halides do not react with nucleophiles under normal conditions. However, the reaction can proceed under drastic conditions involving high temperatures and high pressure to give the substituted products. For example, chlorobenzene is converted to phenol using aqueous sodium hydroxide at 350 °C under high pressure by the Dow process. The reaction follows an elimination-addition mechanism involving a benzyne intermediate. Here, the chloride ion is eliminated to generate the benzyne...
Halogenation of Alkenes02:46

Halogenation of Alkenes

Halogenation is the addition of chlorine or bromine across the double bond in an alkene to yield a vicinal dihalide. The reaction occurs in the presence of inert and non-nucleophilic solvents, such as methylene chloride, chloroform, or carbon tetrachloride.
Consider the bromination of cyclopentene. Molecular bromine is polarized in the proximity of the π electrons of cyclopentene. An electrophilic bromine atom adds across the double bond, forming a cyclic bromonium ion intermediate.

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2-Chloro-1-(4-hy-droxy-phen-yl)ethanone.

Hoong-Kun Fun, Ching Kheng Quah, Divya N Shetty

    Acta Crystallographica. Section E, Structure Reports Online
    |August 21, 2012
    PubMed
    Summary

    This study details the crystal structure of C(8)H(7)ClO(2), revealing two independent, nearly planar molecules. These molecules form hydrogen-bonded chains in the crystal lattice, offering insights into molecular interactions.

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    Area of Science:

    • Crystallography
    • Solid-state chemistry
    • Molecular structure analysis

    Background:

    • Understanding the solid-state behavior of organic compounds is crucial for materials science.
    • The specific compound C(8)H(7)ClO(2) has not been extensively studied in terms of its crystal packing.

    Purpose of the Study:

    • To elucidate the crystal structure of C(8)H(7)ClO(2).
    • To analyze the intermolecular interactions governing the crystal packing.

    Main Methods:

    • Single-crystal X-ray diffraction was employed to determine the molecular and crystal structure.
    • Analysis of hydrogen bonding and molecular planarity was performed.

    Main Results:

    • The asymmetric unit contains two independent, geometrically similar molecules of C(8)H(7)ClO(2).
    • Both molecules exhibit near-planarity, with low root-mean-square deviations for non-hydrogen atoms.
    • Intermolecular hydrogen bonds (O-H⋯O and C-H⋯O) link molecules into dimer chains along the (-101) direction.

    Conclusions:

    • The crystal structure of C(8)H(7)ClO(2) is characterized by hydrogen-bonded chains formed by near-planar molecules.
    • The identified hydrogen bonding patterns dictate the observed solid-state arrangement.