Jove
Visualize
Contact Us
JoVE
x logofacebook logolinkedin logoyoutube logo
ABOUT JoVE
OverviewLeadershipBlogJoVE Help Center
AUTHORS
Publishing ProcessEditorial BoardScope & PoliciesPeer ReviewFAQSubmit
LIBRARIANS
TestimonialsSubscriptionsAccessResourcesLibrary Advisory BoardFAQ
RESEARCH
JoVE JournalMethods CollectionsJoVE Encyclopedia of ExperimentsArchive
EDUCATION
JoVE CoreJoVE BusinessJoVE Science EducationJoVE Lab ManualFaculty Resource CenterFaculty Site
Terms & Conditions of Use
Privacy Policy
Policies

Related Concept Videos

Alkylation of β-Diester Enolates: Malonic Ester Synthesis01:14

Alkylation of β-Diester Enolates: Malonic Ester Synthesis

Malonic ester synthesis is a method to obtain α substituted carboxylic acids from ꞵ-diesters such as diethyl malonate and alkyl halides.
Loss of Carboxy Group as CO2: Decarboxylation of Malonic Acid Derivatives01:35

Loss of Carboxy Group as CO2: Decarboxylation of Malonic Acid Derivatives

Just like β-keto acids—which upon thermal decarboxylation form ketones—β-dicarboxylic acids undergo decarboxylation to generate monocarboxylic acids with the liberation of carbon dioxide.
Multiple Halogenation of Methyl Ketones: Haloform Reaction01:28

Multiple Halogenation of Methyl Ketones: Haloform Reaction

A method involving the transformation of methyl ketones to carboxylic acids using excess base and halogen is called the haloform reaction. It begins with the deprotonation of α hydrogen to form an enolate ion which reacts with the electrophilic halogen to give an α-halo ketone. The step continues until all the α protons are substituted to form a trihalomethyl ketone. The resulting molecule is unstable, and in the presence of a hydroxide base, it readily undergoes nucleophilic acyl substitution.
Acid Halides to Amides: Aminolysis01:07

Acid Halides to Amides: Aminolysis

Aminolysis is a nucleophilic acyl substitution reaction, where ammonia or amines act as nucleophiles to give the substitution product. Acid halides react with ammonia, primary amines, and secondary amines to yield primary, secondary, and tertiary amides, respectively.
In the first step of the aminolysis mechanism, the amine attacks the carbonyl carbon of the acyl chloride to form a tetrahedral intermediate. In the second step, the carbonyl group is re-formed with the elimination of a chloride...
Amides to Amines: LiAlH4 Reduction01:20

Amides to Amines: LiAlH4 Reduction

Amide reduction with strong reducing agents like lithium aluminum hydride proceeds through a nucleophilic acyl substitution to form amines. Primary, secondary, and tertiary amides yield primary, secondary, and tertiary amines, respectively.
Amide reduction requires two equivalents of the reducing agent, acting as a source of hydride ions. As shown in the figure, the reaction is initiated with a nucleophilic attack by the hydride ion at the carbonyl carbon to form a tetrahedral intermediate.
Conjugate Addition of Enolates: Michael Addition01:08

Conjugate Addition of Enolates: Michael Addition

The attack of a nucleophile at the β carbon of an α,β-unsaturated carbonyl compound is called conjugate addition. Conjugate addition reactions of active methylene compounds, such as β-diketones, β-keto esters, β-keto nitriles, and α-nitro ketones, are called Michael addition reactions.

You might also read

Related Articles

Articles linked to this work by shared authors, journal, and citation graph.

Sort by
Same author

SrZnSi<sub>3</sub>O<sub>8</sub>, a synthetic member of the feldspar group.

Acta crystallographica. Section E, Crystallographic communications·2026
Same author

Multianvil synthesis and nonlinear optical properties of high-pressure SrTeO<sub>3</sub>.

Materials advances·2026
Same author

Two (methyl-sulfan-yl)benzyl-derivatized palladium-N-heterocyclic carbene complexes - same formula type but not isotypic.

Acta crystallographica. Section E, Crystallographic communications·2026
Same author

Crystal structure of Na<sub>4</sub>(As<sub>2</sub>O<sub>5</sub>)(H<sub>2</sub>O)<sub>0.5</sub> and a survey of the pyroarsenite anion, (As<sub>2</sub>O<sub>5</sub>)<sup>4</sup>.

Acta crystallographica. Section E, Crystallographic communications·2026
Same author

The missing representatives of the hydrated sodium orthophosphate phases: Na<sub>3</sub>(PO<sub>4</sub>)(H<sub>2</sub>O)<sub>7</sub> and Na<sub>3</sub>(PO<sub>4</sub>)(H<sub>2</sub>O)<sub>6</sub>.

Acta crystallographica. Section E, Crystallographic communications·2026
Same author

New hydrated phases of potassium orthovanadate: K<sub>3</sub>(VO<sub>4</sub>)(H<sub>2</sub>O)<sub>0.56</sub> and K<sub>3</sub>(VO<sub>4</sub>)(H<sub>2</sub>O)<sub>4</sub>.

Acta crystallographica. Section E, Crystallographic communications·2025
Same journal

Crystal structure of 1-(piperidin-1-yl)butane-1,3-dione.

Acta crystallographica. Section E, Structure reports online·2015
Same journal

Crystal structure of methyl 1-methyl-3,5-diphenyl-7-tosyl-3,6,7,11b-tetra-hydro-pyrazolo-[4',3':5,6]pyrano[3,4-c]quinoline-5a(5H)-carboxyl-ate.

Acta crystallographica. Section E, Structure reports online·2015
Same journal

Crystal structure of 4-amino-1-(4-methyl-benz-yl)pyridinium bromide.

Acta crystallographica. Section E, Structure reports online·2015
Same journal

Crystal structure of (Z)-3-benz-yloxy-6-[(2-hy-droxy-anilino)methyl-idene]cyclo-hexa-2,4-dien-1-one.

Acta crystallographica. Section E, Structure reports online·2015
Same journal

Crystal structure of bis-(1-benzyl-1H-1,2,4-triazole) perchloric acid monosolvate.

Acta crystallographica. Section E, Structure reports online·2015
Same journal

Crystal structure of 2-(di-phenyl-phos-phanyl)phenyl 4-(hy-droxy-meth-yl)benzoate.

Acta crystallographica. Section E, Structure reports online·2015
See all related articles

Related Experiment Video

Updated: May 19, 2026

Synthesis of Masarimycin, a Small Molecule Inhibitor of Gram-Positive Bacterial Growth
09:10

Synthesis of Masarimycin, a Small Molecule Inhibitor of Gram-Positive Bacterial Growth

Published on: January 7, 2022

Melaminium hydrogen malonate.

Barbara Froschauer, Matthias Weil

    Acta Crystallographica. Section E, Structure Reports Online
    |August 21, 2012
    PubMed
    Summary
    This summary is machine-generated.

    This study details the crystal structure of melaminium hydrogen malonate, revealing a planar melaminium cation. Extensive hydrogen bonding forms layered structures, highlighting supramolecular assembly in crystalline solids.

    More Related Videos

    Preparation of Enantiopure Non-Activated Aziridines and Synthesis of Biemamide B, D, and epiallo-Isomuscarine
    11:04

    Preparation of Enantiopure Non-Activated Aziridines and Synthesis of Biemamide B, D, and epiallo-Isomuscarine

    Published on: June 13, 2022

    Microfluidic Synthesis of Microgel Building Blocks for Microporous Annealed Particle Scaffold
    09:34

    Microfluidic Synthesis of Microgel Building Blocks for Microporous Annealed Particle Scaffold

    Published on: June 16, 2022

    Related Experiment Videos

    Last Updated: May 19, 2026

    Synthesis of Masarimycin, a Small Molecule Inhibitor of Gram-Positive Bacterial Growth
    09:10

    Synthesis of Masarimycin, a Small Molecule Inhibitor of Gram-Positive Bacterial Growth

    Published on: January 7, 2022

    Preparation of Enantiopure Non-Activated Aziridines and Synthesis of Biemamide B, D, and epiallo-Isomuscarine
    11:04

    Preparation of Enantiopure Non-Activated Aziridines and Synthesis of Biemamide B, D, and epiallo-Isomuscarine

    Published on: June 13, 2022

    Microfluidic Synthesis of Microgel Building Blocks for Microporous Annealed Particle Scaffold
    09:34

    Microfluidic Synthesis of Microgel Building Blocks for Microporous Annealed Particle Scaffold

    Published on: June 16, 2022

    Area of Science:

    • Crystallography
    • Supramolecular Chemistry
    • Materials Science

    Background:

    • Melaminium salts are known for their diverse structural properties.
    • Hydrogen bonding plays a crucial role in the self-assembly of crystalline materials.
    • Understanding the interactions within ionic compounds is key to designing new materials.

    Purpose of the Study:

    • To elucidate the crystal structure of the title compound, melaminium hydrogen malonate.
    • To investigate the hydrogen bonding network and supramolecular architecture.
    • To characterize the planarity of the melaminium cation.

    Main Methods:

    • Single-crystal X-ray diffraction analysis was employed.
    • The crystal structure was solved and refined.
    • Intermolecular and intramolecular interactions were analyzed.

    Main Results:

    • The melaminium cation was found to be essentially planar (r.m.s. deviation of 0.0085 Å).
    • Extensive N-H⋯N and N-H⋯O hydrogen bonds were observed between melaminium cations and hydrogen malonate anions.
    • These interactions lead to the formation of supramolecular layers parallel to the (1-2-1) plane.
    • An intramolecular O-H⋯O hydrogen bond was identified within the hydrogen malonate anion.

    Conclusions:

    • The crystal structure reveals a well-defined supramolecular layered arrangement driven by hydrogen bonding.
    • The planarity of the melaminium cation is maintained within this structure.
    • This study provides insights into the structural characteristics and hydrogen bonding capabilities of melaminium salts.