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Related Concept Videos

Radical Substitution: Allylic Bromination01:27

Radical Substitution: Allylic Bromination

In organic synthesis, the formation of products can be altered by changing the reaction conditions. For example, a dibromo addition product is formed when propene is treated with bromine at room temperature. In contrast, propene undergoes allylic substitution in non-polar solvents at high temperatures to give 3-bromopropene. In order to avoid the addition reaction, the bromine concentration must be kept as low as possible throughout the reaction. This can be achieved using N-bromosuccinimide...
Alkyl Halides02:45

Alkyl Halides

Structural Properties
Alkyl halides are halogen-substituted alkanes wherein one or more hydrogen atoms of an alkane is replaced by a halogen atom such as fluorine, chlorine, bromine, or iodine. The carbon atom in an alkyl halide is bonded to the halogen atom, which is sp3-hybridized and exhibits a tetrahedral shape.
Unlike alkyl halides, compounds in which a halogen atom is bonded to an sp2 -hybridized carbon atom of a carbon-carbon double bond (C=C) are called vinyl halides. Whereas aryl...
Halogenation of Alkenes02:46

Halogenation of Alkenes

Halogenation is the addition of chlorine or bromine across the double bond in an alkene to yield a vicinal dihalide. The reaction occurs in the presence of inert and non-nucleophilic solvents, such as methylene chloride, chloroform, or carbon tetrachloride.
Consider the bromination of cyclopentene. Molecular bromine is polarized in the proximity of the π electrons of cyclopentene. An electrophilic bromine atom adds across the double bond, forming a cyclic bromonium ion intermediate.
Formation of Halohydrin from Alkenes02:41

Formation of Halohydrin from Alkenes

An alkene, such as propene, reacts with bromine in the presence of water to yield a halohydrin. Halohydrins contain a halogen and a hydroxyl group attached to adjacent carbons. When the halogen is bromine, it is called a bromohydrin, while a chlorohydrin has chlorine as the halogen.
α-Bromination of Carboxylic Acids: Hell–Volhard–Zelinski Reaction01:15

α-Bromination of Carboxylic Acids: Hell–Volhard–Zelinski Reaction

The method to achieve α-brominated carboxylic acids using a mixture of phosphorus tribromide and bromine is known as the Hell–Volhard–Zelinski reaction. The reaction is catalyzed by phosphorus tribromide, which can be used directly or produced in situ from red phosphorus and bromine. The mechanism comprises PBr3 catalyzed conversion of acid to acid bromide and hydrogen bromide. The acid bromide enolizes to its enol form in the presence of HBr. The nucleophilic enol attacks the bromine molecule...
Reactions at the Benzylic Position: Halogenation01:11

Reactions at the Benzylic Position: Halogenation

Benzylic halogenation takes place under conditions that favor radical reactions such as heat, light, or a free radical initiator like peroxide.

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Low Pressure Vapor-assisted Solution Process for Tunable Band Gap Pinhole-free Methylammonium Lead Halide Perovskite Films
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Bis-(2-bromo-eth-yl)ammonium bromide.

Kamentheren Padayachy1, Manuel A Fernandes, Helder M Marques

  • 1School of Chemistry, Molecular Sciences Institute, University of the Witwatersrand, Private Bag 3, Wits 2050, Johannesburg, South Africa.

Acta Crystallographica. Section E, Structure Reports Online
|August 21, 2012
PubMed
Summary
This summary is machine-generated.

This study details the crystal structure of a bis-(2-bromo-ethyl)ammonium bromide salt. The research reveals hydrogen bonding that forms chains and a 3D network, with cations in an anti conformation.

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Area of Science:

  • Crystallography
  • Chemical Physics
  • Materials Science

Background:

  • Understanding the crystalline structure of organic salts is crucial for predicting their physical and chemical properties.
  • Bis-(2-bromo-ethyl)ammonium bromide is a compound with potential applications in various chemical processes.

Purpose of the Study:

  • To elucidate the crystal structure of bis-(2-bromo-ethyl)ammonium bromide.
  • To investigate the intermolecular interactions, specifically hydrogen bonding, within the crystal lattice.
  • To characterize the conformational preferences of the ammonium cations.

Main Methods:

  • Single-crystal X-ray diffraction was employed to determine the crystal structure.
  • Analysis of crystallographic data to identify hydrogen bonding networks and conformational isomers.
  • Characterization of the twinning nature of the crystal.

Main Results:

  • The asymmetric unit contains four cations and four anions.
  • N-H⋯Br hydrogen bonds link cations and anions into chains with a C(2) (1)(4) motif.
  • Ammonium cations adopt a less preferred anti conformation.
  • Weak C-H⋯Br interactions further connect chains into a 3D network.
  • The crystal exhibited pseudo-merohedral twinning with a specific twin ratio.

Conclusions:

  • The crystal structure of bis-(2-bromo-ethyl)ammonium bromide is characterized by hydrogen-bonded chains and a 3D network.
  • The anti conformation of the ammonium cations influences the packing and interactions within the crystal.
  • The observed twinning provides insights into crystal growth and formation.