When does integration of independently acquired temporal relationships take place?

Prior research has found that when subjects independently acquire 2 associations with a common element (e.g., S1-S2 and S2-US), each with its own temporal relationship, they behave as if the 2 unique cues (i.e., S1 and US) have a known temporal relationship despite their never having been paired. This is interpreted as indicative of temporal integration of the memories acquired during Phase 1 and Phase 2 of training based on the element common to both experiences (i.e., S2). There are 2 times at which such integration of independent temporal relationships could plausibly occur: at the time of acquisition of the second relationship or at the time of testing. Three lick-suppression experiments with rats were performed to determine when integration occurs. This question of the moment of temporal integration was assessed by extinguishing the mediating element (S2) between learning of the second temporal relationship and testing of S1. Experiment 1 (using sensory preconditioning) and Experiment 2 (using second-order conditioning) found that this manipulation interfered with behavioral control by S1, suggesting that temporal integration occurred at the time of testing. Experiment 3 used spontaneous recovery, a hallmark phenomenon of extinction, to confirm that the S2-alone presentations in Experiments 1 and 2 attenuated integration as a result of extinction of S2. Implications for the temporal coding hypothesis (e.g., Savastano & Miller, 1998) are discussed.