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Related Concept Videos

Phase Diagrams of Ternary Systems01:28

Phase Diagrams of Ternary Systems

Consider a ternary system, which is composed of three components: water (W), ethanoic acid (E), and trichloromethane (T). Here, Ethanoic acid (E) is fully miscible with both water (W) and trichloromethane (T), meaning it can mix entirely with either of them. However, water and trichloromethane have partial miscibility, meaning they can only mix to a certain extent, beyond which two separate phases will form.The phase diagram of a ternary system is represented as an equilateral triangle, where...
Phase Diagram01:19

Phase Diagram

The phase of a given substance depends on the pressure and temperature. Thus, plots of pressure versus temperature showing the phase in each region provide considerable insights into the thermal properties of substances. Such plots are known as phase diagrams. For instance, in the phase diagram for water (Figure 1), the solid curve boundaries between the phases indicate phase transitions (i.e., temperatures and pressures at which the phases coexist).
Phase Diagram01:24

Phase Diagram

A phase diagram is a graphical representation of the physical states of a substance under different conditions of temperature and pressure. It shows the boundaries between solid, liquid, and gas phases and the conditions at which these phases coexist in equilibrium. An area in a phase diagram represents a single phase, whereas lines or phase boundaries represent the equilibrium between two phases.In the phase diagram of water, the boundary line between the solid and liquid states illustrates...
Determination of Crystal Structures01:29

Determination of Crystal Structures

In the late 1800s, the revelation that light extended beyond visible wavelengths led to the discovery of X-rays by Wilhelm Roentgen. Recognized as high-energy electromagnetic radiation with short wavelengths, X-rays prompted exploration into their interaction with crystals. Max von Laue proposed in 1912 that the periodic arrangement of atoms, ions, or molecules in crystals would cause them to diffract X-rays, a hypothesis confirmed through experiments with copper sulfate and zinc sulfide...
Phase Transitions: Melting and Freezing02:39

Phase Transitions: Melting and Freezing

Heating a crystalline solid increases the average energy of its atoms, molecules, or ions, and the solid gets hotter. At some point, the added energy becomes large enough to partially overcome the forces holding the molecules or ions of the solid in their fixed positions, and the solid begins the process of transitioning to the liquid state or melting. At this point, the temperature of the solid stops rising, despite the continual input of heat, and it remains constant until all of the solid is...
Solid–Solid Solutions01:24

Solid–Solid Solutions

The temperature-composition phase diagram of two solids, A and B, which are immiscible in the solid phase but form miscible liquids, shows that when the temperature is low, these two exist as separate, pure solids (A and B). As the temperature increases, they transition into a single-phase liquid solution where A and B coexist. Moving from point a1 to a2 in the phase diagram, the composition changes such that solid B begins to separate from the solution, enriching the remaining liquid with A.

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Related Experiment Video

Updated: May 19, 2026

Methods of Ex Situ and In Situ Investigations of Structural Transformations: The Case of Crystallization of Metallic Glasses
08:55

Methods of Ex Situ and In Situ Investigations of Structural Transformations: The Case of Crystallization of Metallic Glasses

Published on: June 7, 2018

Detection of cocrystal formation based on binary phase diagrams using thermal analysis.

Hiroyuki Yamashita1, Yutaka Hirakura, Masamichi Yuda

  • 1Analysis and Pharmacokinetics Research Labs, Astellas Pharma Inc, 21 Miyukigaoka, Tsukuba, Ibaraki 350-8585, Japan. hiroyuki.yamashita@astellas.com

Pharmaceutical Research
|August 22, 2012
PubMed
Summary

Heat-induced cocrystal formation was clarified by analyzing thermal events in binary mixtures. Differential scanning calorimetry (DSC) revealed exothermic peaks linked to cocrystal formation, distinguishing it from simple melting.

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Last Updated: May 19, 2026

Methods of Ex Situ and In Situ Investigations of Structural Transformations: The Case of Crystallization of Metallic Glasses
08:55

Methods of Ex Situ and In Situ Investigations of Structural Transformations: The Case of Crystallization of Metallic Glasses

Published on: June 7, 2018

Phase Diagram Characterization Using Magnetic Beads as Liquid Carriers
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Orientational Transition in a Liquid Crystal Triggered by the Thermodynamic Growth of Interfacial Wetting Sheets
06:26

Orientational Transition in a Liquid Crystal Triggered by the Thermodynamic Growth of Interfacial Wetting Sheets

Published on: May 15, 2017

Area of Science:

  • Materials Science
  • Physical Chemistry
  • Crystallography

Background:

  • Cocrystal formation via heating physical mixtures is known but not fully understood.
  • Thermal behavior during cocrystal synthesis requires further investigation.

Purpose of the Study:

  • To clarify the thermal behavior of physical mixtures during heat-induced cocrystal formation.
  • To establish the relationship between thermal events and cocrystal synthesis using binary phase diagrams.

Main Methods:

  • Physical mixtures were heated using differential scanning calorimetry (DSC) at various rates (2, 5, 10, 30 °C/min).
  • X-ray DSC and polarization microscopy were employed for further analysis.
  • Thermal events were correlated with phase transitions in binary systems.

Main Results:

  • DSC of mixtures capable of cocrystal formation showed an exothermic peak post-endothermic melting.
  • Multiple endothermic peaks indicated metastable eutectic melting, eutectic melting, and cocrystal melting.
  • Mixtures incapable of cocrystal formation exhibited only a single endothermic peak (eutectic melting).

Conclusions:

  • Thermal events observed via DSC are directly attributable to phase transitions in binary mixtures.
  • The study clarifies the link between specific exothermic peaks and successful cocrystal formation.
  • Understanding these thermal signatures aids in predicting and controlling cocrystal synthesis.