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Parental Care

Parental Care

Many animals exhibit parental care behavior, including feeding, grooming, and protecting young offspring. Parental care is universal in mammals and birds, which often have young that are born relatively helpless. Several species of insects and fish, as well as some amphibians, also care for their young.

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Influence of Parents and Peers on Identity

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Relationship with Other Adult Family Members and Siblings

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Other adult family members and siblings play a crucial role in shaping children’s social and emotional development. While parents or primary caregivers are often the central figures in early attachment and socialization, other adults in a child’s life, such as grandparents, aunts, and uncles, can significantly influence developmental outcomes. These influences depend on each adult’s personality and may help compensate when a primary caregiver is emotionally distant or inconsistent. For...

The Y Chromosome Determines Maleness

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Related Experiment Video

Updated: May 19, 2026

Stable Isotope In-Vivo Labeling for Mass-Spectrometry Identification of Paternal Metabolites Transferred from Sperm to Oocyte During Fertilization

Stable Isotope In-Vivo Labeling for Mass-Spectrometry Identification of Paternal Metabolites Transferred from Sperm to Oocyte During Fertilization

Published on: June 17, 2025

Fathers matter.

Eva-Kristina Persson

The Practising Midwife

|August 23, 2012

Summary

First-time fathers desire preparation for the postnatal period. Engaging fathers in maternity care enhances family bonding and their sense of security.

Area of Science:

Reproductive Medicine
Maternal-Child Health
Psychology

Background:

Parenthood, particularly first-time fatherhood, significantly impacts men's identity and partner relationships.
Family bonding and active paternal involvement throughout pregnancy, childbirth, and postpartum are crucial for fathers' sense of security.
Fathers express a need for preparedness before the birth to navigate the early postnatal period effectively.

Purpose of the Study:

To explore the factors influencing fathers' sense of postnatal security.
To highlight the importance of early paternal engagement and preparedness in maternity care.
To introduce the Parents' Postnatal Sense of Security (PPSS) instrument for evaluating care.

Main Methods:

Development and validation of the Parents' Postnatal Sense of Security (PPSS) instrument.

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Last Updated: May 19, 2026

Stable Isotope In-Vivo Labeling for Mass-Spectrometry Identification of Paternal Metabolites Transferred from Sperm to Oocyte During Fertilization

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Assessing the Coherence of Parents' Short Narratives Regarding their Child Using the Five-Minute Speech Sample Procedure

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Using a Comparative Species Approach to Investigate the Neurobiology of Paternal Responses

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Utilizing the PPSS to assess fathers' experiences and security during antenatal and postnatal periods.

Focus on the role of midwives in empowering and involving fathers in maternity care.

Main Results:

Fathers' willingness to participate from early pregnancy is vital for their own well-being and that of the mother and child.
Midwives play a key role in fostering family affinity by actively inviting paternal participation.
The PPSS instrument provides a means to evaluate care from the father's perspective.

Conclusions:

Active involvement and preparedness are essential for fathers' positive adjustment to parenthood.
Midwifery practices should prioritize inclusive engagement of fathers in maternity services.
The PPSS instrument is a valuable tool for assessing and improving postnatal care for fathers.