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Synthesis and Regulation of Thyroid Hormones

Synthesis and Regulation of Thyroid Hormones

Low blood levels of the thyroid hormones — triiodothyronine (T3) and thyroxine (T4) — signal the hypothalamus to release the thyrotropin-releasing hormone (TRH). TRH then reaches the pituitary gland and stimulates the release of thyroid-stimulating hormone(TSH) into the bloodstream.
Upon reaching the thyroid gland, TSH stimulates the follicular cells' active uptake of iodide ions from the blood. The ions diffuse to the apical surface of the cells and are oxidized to iodine. The iodine is then...

The Thyroid Gland

The Thyroid Gland

The thyroid gland is a small, butterfly-shaped gland located in the neck and covers the anterior surface of the trachea. The gland has two lateral lobes connected by a thin tissue mass called the isthmus. Internally, each lobe comprises many small spherical structures known as thyroid follicles, surrounded by a network of blood vessels.
The follicles have a central cavity lined by simple cuboidal to squamous epithelial cells called follicular cells. These cells produce the glycoprotein...

Hyperthyroidism II: Pathophysiology

Hyperthyroidism II: Pathophysiology

Hyperthyroidism is a hypermetabolic state caused by elevated levels of thyroid hormones, triiodothyronine (T3) and thyroxine (T4). It results from dysregulation at the thyroid, pituitary, or immune system level and affects multiple organ systems.PathophysiologyThe most common cause of hyperthyroidism is Graves’ disease, an autoimmune disorder in which antibodies, specifically thyroid-stimulating antibodies (TSAb), a subtype of TSH receptor antibodies (TRAb), bind to and activate TSH receptors...

Functions of Thyroid Hormones

Functions of Thyroid Hormones

The thyroid hormone (TH) plays a pivotal role in the intricate orchestration of physiological processes, exerting profound effects on development, metabolism, and homeostasis throughout different life stages.
TH is indispensable for the normal development and maturation of the skeletal, muscular, and nervous systems during fetal and childhood growth. It facilitates bone mineral turnover and regulates protein synthesis in developing tissues, contributing significantly to overall growth and...

Hyperthyroidism I: Introduction

Hyperthyroidism I: Introduction

Hyperthyroidism is a type of thyrotoxicosis characterized by the thyroid gland's overproduction of the thyroid hormones triiodothyronine (T3) and thyroxine (T4). This hormone excess increases the basal metabolic rate and enhances sensitivity to catecholamines.DiagnosisDiagnosis is based on clinical features and biochemical testing. It typically shows suppressed thyroid-stimulating hormone (TSH) levels below 0.4 mIU/L, with elevated free T3 and/or T4. Additional tests, including thyroid...

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Related Experiment Video

Updated: May 19, 2026

Establishment and Characterization of Patient-Derived Xenograft Models of Anaplastic Thyroid Carcinoma and Head and Neck Squamous Cell Carcinoma

Establishment and Characterization of Patient-Derived Xenograft Models of Anaplastic Thyroid Carcinoma and Head and Neck Squamous Cell Carcinoma

Published on: June 2, 2023

[Thyroid differenciated carcinoma in children. Study from Normandy].

D Blanchard¹, O Choussy, J Rame

¹CHU Caen, Hôpital Côte de Nacre, Service ORL et CCF, av de la Côte de Nacre, 14033 Caen cedex 9, France. d.blanchard@baclesse.fr

Revue De Laryngologie - Otologie - Rhinologie

|August 23, 2012

Summary

This summary is machine-generated.

Differentiated thyroid cancer in children presents aggressively, often with metastasis. A proposed treatment strategy involving surgery, radioiodine, and hormone therapy shows a good prognosis with high survival rates.

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Establishment and Characterization of Patient-Derived Xenograft Models of Anaplastic Thyroid Carcinoma and Head and Neck Squamous Cell Carcinoma

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Computer-Aided Three-Dimensional Visualization in the Treatment of Locally Advanced Thyroid Cancer

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Area of Science:

Pediatric Endocrinology
Surgical Oncology
Nuclear Medicine

Context:

Differentiated thyroid carcinoma (DTC) in children and adolescents is less common than in adults.
Understanding the unique clinical presentation and aggressive nature of pediatric DTC is crucial for effective management.

Purpose:

To define an optimal management strategy for differentiated thyroid carcinoma in pediatric patients.
To analyze clinical features, treatment outcomes, and complications in a cohort of young DTC patients.

Summary:

A retrospective study of 13 pediatric patients with DTC revealed solitary thyroid nodules as the most common symptom (69%), with papillary cancer being the predominant histological type (92%).
Treatment involved total thyroidectomy, radioiodine therapy, and suppressive hormonotherapy, resulting in no recurrences and a 90% 20-year survival rate, despite 46% experiencing post-operative complications.

Impact:

The study proposes a treatment plan including thyroidectomy with lymph node dissection and postoperative radioiodine, aiming to improve outcomes for pediatric DTC.
This research contributes to establishing evidence-based guidelines for managing pediatric differentiated thyroid cancer, highlighting its aggressive nature and favorable prognosis with appropriate treatment.