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Production of Organic Acids

Production of Organic Acids

Lactic acid, an important organic acid extensively applied in food, pharmaceutical, and biodegradable polymer industries, is primarily produced via microbial fermentation. This method is favored over chemical synthesis due to its environmental sustainability and capacity for enantiomerically pure product formation. Among various microbial processes, the fermentation of starch-based substrates stands out due to the abundance and renewability of raw materials like corn and potatoes.Hydrolysis of...

Acetals and Thioacetals as Protecting Groups for Aldehydes and Ketones

Acetals and Thioacetals as Protecting Groups for Aldehydes and Ketones

Acetals are formed by reacting two equivalents of alcohol with carbonyl compounds like aldehydes or ketones. Acetals are unaffected by bases, nucleophiles, oxidizing agents, and reducing agents. They serve as protecting groups for aldehydes and ketones. Acetals can be easily formed and also easily removed via mild acid hydrolysis.
In the presence of multiple functional groups, when selective reduction of one group over the other is desired, groups like aldehydes and ketones that form acetals...

Fates of Pyruvate

Fates of Pyruvate

Pyruvate is the end product of glycolysis, where glucose is oxidized to pyruvate, simultaneously reducing NAD+ to NADH. Two molecules of ATP are also produced by substrate-level phosphorylation.
In aerobic organisms, pyruvate is metabolized via the citric acid cycle to produce reduced coenzymes NADH and FADH2. These coenzymes are then oxidized in the electron transport chain to produce ATP and, in the process, regenerate the NAD+ and FAD. As seen in some cell types and organisms, fermentation...

Alkylation of β-Ketoester Enolates: Acetoacetic Ester Synthesis

Alkylation of β-Ketoester Enolates: Acetoacetic Ester Synthesis

Acetoacetic ester synthesis is a method to obtain ketones from alkyl halides and β-keto esters. The reaction occurs in the presence of an alkoxide base that abstracts the acidic proton of the β-keto esters. The step results in an enolate ion which is doubly stabilized. The enolate then reacts with an alkyl halide via the SN2 process to produce an alkylated ester intermediate with a new C–C bond. The hydrolysis of the intermediate, followed by acidification, results in an alkylated β-keto acid.

Production of Pharmaceuticals

Production of Pharmaceuticals

Industrial insulin production uses genetically engineered E. coli expressing a proinsulin gene controlled by a tryptophan promoter and containing a methionine linker for later cleavage. The cells also carry ampicillin resistance for selective growth. Seed cultures are stored at −80 °C and production begins by thawing a small amount to inoculate starter cultures, which are progressively scaled to a 50,000-L bioreactor. In the bioreactor, E. coli grow in nutrient-rich media under sterile, tightly...

iChip

iChip

The cultivation of environmental microorganisms has long been hindered by the inability to replicate complex native conditions in vitro. The isolation chip (iChip) addresses this limitation by facilitating the growth of previously uncultivable microorganisms through in situ incubation. Designed for high-throughput microbial cultivation, the iChip comprises hundreds of microchambers, each capable of housing a single microbial cell. These microchambers are loaded with a mixture of molten agar and...

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Related Experiment Video

Updated: May 19, 2026

Quantification, Viability Assessment, and Visualization Strategies for Acinetobacter Biofilms

Quantification, Viability Assessment, and Visualization Strategies for Acinetobacter Biofilms

Published on: August 4, 2023

Company Profile: AKESOgen, Inc.

Mark Bouzyk¹, Robert Boisjoli

¹AKESOgen, Inc., 400 Pinnacle Way, Norcross, GA 30071, USA.

Pharmacogenomics

|August 23, 2012

Summary

Genomic advancements are driving pharmacogenomics and personalized medicine. AKESOgen offers biomarker, genomics, and pharmacogenomics services for research and clinical trials.

Area of Science:

Biotechnology and Genomics
Pharmacogenomics and Personalized Medicine

Background:

Rapid progress in genomic, genetic, and bioinformatic technologies has created significant opportunities in pharmacogenomics.
The increasing number of biomarkers available supports the growth of personalized medicine approaches.

Purpose of the Study:

To introduce AKESOgen, Inc. as a contract research organization (CRO) addressing the growing needs in biomarker and pharmacogenomics services.
To highlight AKESOgen's role in supporting academic, pharmaceutical, biotechnology, and agricultural sectors.

Main Methods:

Biomarker profiling and genomics services utilizing DNA, RNA, and methylation markers.
Biomarker establishment and validation within the clinical trials setting.
Expertise in biobanking services.

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Direct Detection of the Acetate-forming Activity of the Enzyme Acetate Kinase

Direct Detection of the Acetate-forming Activity of the Enzyme Acetate Kinase

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Last Updated: May 19, 2026

Quantification, Viability Assessment, and Visualization Strategies for Acinetobacter Biofilms

Quantification, Viability Assessment, and Visualization Strategies for Acinetobacter Biofilms

Published on: August 4, 2023

Direct Detection of the Acetate-forming Activity of the Enzyme Acetate Kinase

Direct Detection of the Acetate-forming Activity of the Enzyme Acetate Kinase

Published on: December 19, 2011

A Rat Model of Compound Acne

A Rat Model of Compound Acne

Published on: November 1, 2024

Main Results:

AKESOgen provides comprehensive services for the research and development market.
The company supports biomarker discovery and validation for clinical applications.

Conclusions:

AKESOgen, Inc. is positioned to meet the demand for specialized services in the evolving fields of genomics and pharmacogenomics.
The organization offers critical support for advancing personalized medicine through biomarker research and biobanking.