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Updated: May 19, 2026

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Toxoplasma co-opts host cells it does not invade.

Anita A Koshy1, Hans K Dietrich, David A Christian

  • 1Department of Medicine (Infectious Disease), Stanford University School of Medicine, Stanford, California, United States of America.

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|August 23, 2012
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Summary

Toxoplasma gondii injects effector proteins into host cells, even without successful invasion. These injected proteins manipulate uninfected cells, impacting host manipulation strategies for intracellular microbes.

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Area of Science:

  • Microbiology
  • Cell Biology
  • Parasitology

Background:

  • Intracellular microbes like Toxoplasma gondii inject effector proteins into host cells.
  • Rhoptry-secreted proteins are crucial for parasite manipulation.
  • Rhoptry discharge was thought to occur only during successful host cell invasion.

Purpose of the Study:

  • To investigate whether Toxoplasma gondii injects rhoptry proteins into cells without successful invasion.
  • To determine if these injected proteins can manipulate uninfected cells.
  • To quantify the prevalence of uninfected-injected cells in vivo.

Main Methods:

  • Utilized reporter systems to track rhoptry protein injection.
  • Employed a Cre-reporter mouse model with a Toxoplasma-Cre strain.
  • Analyzed infected and uninfected cells in mouse brains.

Main Results:

  • Demonstrated in vitro injection of rhoptry proteins into non-productively invaded cells.
  • Showed that these proteins can manipulate uninfected cells similarly to infected cells.
  • Revealed that uninfected-injected cells are more prevalent than infected-injected cells in the mouse brain.

Conclusions:

  • Toxoplasma gondii actively injects effector proteins into host cells, irrespective of successful invasion.
  • This injection mechanism allows manipulation of uninfected cells, broadening the parasite's impact.
  • The findings suggest a novel host manipulation strategy for intracellular microbes and have implications for understanding Toxoplasma persistence.