Jove
Visualize
Contact Us
JoVE
x logofacebook logolinkedin logoyoutube logo
ABOUT JoVE
OverviewLeadershipBlogJoVE Help Center
AUTHORS
Publishing ProcessEditorial BoardScope & PoliciesPeer ReviewFAQSubmit
LIBRARIANS
TestimonialsSubscriptionsAccessResourcesLibrary Advisory BoardFAQ
RESEARCH
JoVE JournalMethods CollectionsJoVE Encyclopedia of ExperimentsArchive
EDUCATION
JoVE CoreJoVE BusinessJoVE Science EducationJoVE Lab ManualFaculty Resource CenterFaculty Site
Terms & Conditions of Use
Privacy Policy
Policies

Related Concept Videos

Structural Joints: Cartilaginous Joints01:17

Structural Joints: Cartilaginous Joints

As the name indicates, at a cartilaginous joint, the adjacent bones are united by cartilage, a tough but flexible type of connective tissue. Unlike synovial joints, these types of joints lack a joint cavity and involve bones joined together by either hyaline cartilage or fibrocartilage.
There are two types of cartilaginous joints:
Synchondrosis
A synchondrosis ("joined by cartilage") is a cartilaginous joint where bones are connected by hyaline cartilage. Synchondrosis may be temporary or...
Degenerative Disc Disease ll: Pathophysiology01:23

Degenerative Disc Disease ll: Pathophysiology

The symptoms of degenerative disc disease arise from a combination of mechanical compression, vascular compromise, and biochemical inflammation, which together disrupt nerve function and produce pain.Mechanical CompressionDisc degeneration reduces height and elasticity, predisposing to herniation of the nucleus pulposus, a major cause of radicular pain. Herniations may be protrusion (bulging with intact annulus), extrusion (nucleus extends beyond disc but remains connected), or sequestration...
Development of the Limb Synovial Joints01:07

Development of the Limb Synovial Joints

Joints form during embryonic development in conjunction with the formation and growth of the associated bones. The embryonic tissue that gives rise to all bones, cartilage, and connective tissues of the body is called mesenchyme.
The mesenchymal stem cells differentiate into chondrocytes that form the hyaline cartilage, and later the cartilaginous model of the bone. This model further transforms into a bone. This process is known as endochondral ossification.
During development, the limbs...
Functional Classification of Joints01:09

Functional Classification of Joints

Functional Classification of Joints
The functional classification of joints is determined by the amount of mobility between the adjacent bones. Joints are functionally classified as a synarthrosis or immobile joint, an amphiarthrosis or slightly moveable joint, or as a diarthrosis, a freely moveable joint. Fibrous and cartilaginous joints can be functionally classified as either synarthroses  or amphiarthroses, whereas all synovial joints are classified as diarthroses.
Synarthrosis
An immobile...
Disorders of the Skeletal Muscle01:28

Disorders of the Skeletal Muscle

The clinical conditions affecting the skeletal muscle tissue are broadly categorized as musculoskeletal and neuromuscular disorders.
Musculoskeletal disorders
Musculoskeletal disorders involve injuries and conditions affecting the skeletal muscles and associated connective tissues. These disorders can arise from acute biomechanical stresses or chronic overuse and can occur across different age groups. Common injuries include sprains, fractures, and muscular strains, often resulting from...
Bone Disorders01:29

Bone Disorders

Aging and its effect on bone remodeling is the most common cause of bone disorders. In young and healthy people, bone deposition and resorption happen at an equal rate to maintain optimal bone health.
Bone deposition is also affected by the levels of sex hormones like estrogen and testosterone that promote osteoblast activity and bone matrix synthesis. When the level of these hormones decreases due to aging, it causes a reduction in bone deposition. As a result, bone resorption by osteoclasts...

You might also read

Related Articles

Articles linked to this work by shared authors, journal, and citation graph.

Sort by
Same author

Distinct IgM and IgG autoantibody profiles characterize incomplete and classified systemic autoimmune diseases.

Frontiers in immunology·2026
Same author

International expert consensus recommendations on standardised nomenclature of SSA/Ro (TROVE2/Ro60 and TRIM21/Ro52) autoantibodies in autoimmune diseases.

Annals of the rheumatic diseases·2026
Same author

Immune and stromal cell interaction in Sjögren's disease.

EBioMedicine·2026
Same author

A highly prevalent lupus risk haplotype increases IRF7-dependent induction of IFN-α, enhancing antiviral defense and exacerbating autoimmunity.

medRxiv : the preprint server for health sciences·2026
Same author

Muscarinic 3 receptor antibodies in Sjögren's disease: Evaluating assay variability and detection methods.

Journal of immunological methods·2026
Same author

There is no mechanism of sex bias in autoimmune disease: instead, there are mechanisms.

Rheumatology (Oxford, England)·2026

Related Experiment Video

Updated: May 19, 2026

Diagnosis and Surgical Treatment of Human Brucellar Spondylodiscitis
06:23

Diagnosis and Surgical Treatment of Human Brucellar Spondylodiscitis

Published on: May 23, 2021

Juvenile spondyloarthropathies.

R Hal Scofield1, Andrea L Sestak

  • 1Arthritis & Clinical Immunology Program, Oklahoma Medical Research Foundation (RHS, ALS), Oklahoma City, OK, USA. hal-scofield@omrf.ouhsc.edu

Current Rheumatology Reports
|August 23, 2012
PubMed
Summary

Juvenile spondyloarthropathy, distinct from adult forms, presents diagnostic challenges. Tumor necrosis factor inhibitors show promise but carry risks of other autoimmune diseases.

Area of Science:

  • Pediatric rheumatology
  • Autoimmune diseases
  • Inflammatory arthritis

Background:

  • Spondyloarthropathy can manifest in childhood, differing from adult-onset presentations.
  • Diagnostic challenges arise due to overlapping symptoms with conditions like Behcet's disease and familial Mediterranean fever.
  • Despite advanced imaging, diagnosing juvenile spondyloarthropathy often involves significant delays.

Purpose of the Study:

  • To review the distinct characteristics of juvenile spondyloarthropathy.
  • To highlight diagnostic difficulties in pediatric patients.
  • To discuss current and emerging treatment strategies, including biologic agents.

Main Methods:

  • Literature review of juvenile spondyloarthropathy.
  • Analysis of diagnostic criteria and challenges.

Related Experiment Videos

Last Updated: May 19, 2026

Diagnosis and Surgical Treatment of Human Brucellar Spondylodiscitis
06:23

Diagnosis and Surgical Treatment of Human Brucellar Spondylodiscitis

Published on: May 23, 2021

  • Evaluation of therapeutic advancements, focusing on tumor necrosis factor inhibitors.

    • Main Results:

    • Juvenile spondyloarthropathy exhibits unique features compared to adult disease.
    • Delayed diagnosis is common, even with advanced imaging techniques like MRI.
    • Anti-tumor necrosis factor agents demonstrate efficacy but are associated with serious complications, including secondary autoimmunity.

    Conclusions:

    • Early recognition and diagnosis of juvenile spondyloarthropathy are crucial.
    • While anti-TNF therapies offer benefits, careful monitoring for adverse events is essential.
    • Further research is needed to optimize treatment and minimize complications in pediatric patients.