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Related Concept Videos

Buffers02:56

Buffers

A solution containing appreciable amounts of a weak conjugate acid-base pair is called a buffer solution, or a buffer. Buffer solutions resist a change in pH when small amounts of a strong acid or a strong base are added. A solution of acetic acid and sodium acetate is an example of a buffer that consists of a weak acid and its salt: CH3COOH (aq) + CH3COONa (aq). An example of a buffer that consists of a weak base and its salt is a solution of ammonia and ammonium chloride: NH3 (aq) + NH4Cl...
Chemical Shift: Internal References and Solvent Effects01:17

Chemical Shift: Internal References and Solvent Effects

In an NMR sample, precise measurement of the absolute absorption frequencies of nuclei is difficult. A standard internal reference compound is added, and the frequency difference between the reference signal and sample signals is measured.
The internal reference compound generally used in NMR spectroscopy is tetramethylsilane (TMS). TMS is preferred because it is chemically inert, soluble in NMR solvents, and easily removable. Also, the highly shielded methyl protons in TMS yield an intense...
NMR Spectrometers: Resolution and Error Correction01:14

NMR Spectrometers: Resolution and Error Correction

When magnetic nuclei in a sample achieve resonance and undergo relaxation, the signal detected in NMR is an approximately exponential free induction decay. Fourier transform of an exponential decay yields a Lorentzian peak in the frequency domain. Lorentzian peaks in an NMR spectrum are defined by their amplitude, full width at half maximum, and position, where the peak width is governed by the spin-spin relaxation time alone. In real experiments, however, the applied magnetic field is rendered...
Other Nuclides: 31P, 19F, 15N NMR01:16

Other Nuclides: 31P, 19F, 15N NMR

Many organic, inorganic, and biological molecules contain spin-half nuclei such as nitrogen-15, fluorine-19, and phosphorus-31. As a result, NMR studies of these nuclei have found extensive applications in chemical and biological research.
While fluorine-19 and phosphorous-31 have high natural abundances (100%) and positive gyromagnetic ratios, nitrogen-15 has a low natural abundance and a negative gyromagnetic ratio. However, nitrogen-15 is still preferred over nitrogen-14 (which has a high...
Proton (¹H) NMR: Chemical Shift01:07

Proton (¹H) NMR: Chemical Shift

Organic molecules primarily contain carbon and hydrogen atoms. While all the hydrogen isotopes are NMR-active, protium or hydrogen-1 is the most abundant. It has a significant energy separation between its nuclear spin states due to its large gyromagnetic ratio. As per Boltzmann's distribution, an increase in the energy separation implies a greater excess population of nuclei available for excitation, resulting in a strong NMR absorption signal.
Absorption signals of all the protium nuclei in a...
Double Resonance Techniques: Overview01:12

Double Resonance Techniques: Overview

Double resonance techniques in Nuclear Magnetic Resonance (NMR) spectroscopy involve the simultaneous application of two different frequencies or radiofrequency pulses to manipulate and observe two distinct nuclear spins. One important application of double resonance is spin decoupling, which selectively suppresses coupling with one type of nucleus while observing the NMR signal from another nucleus, simplifying the spectrum and enhancing resolution.
Spin decoupling is usually achieved by...

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Physiological buffers for NMR spectroscopy.

J Freund1, H R Kalbitzer

  • 1Department of Biophysics, Max-Planck-Institute for Medical Research, P.O. Box 103820, D-69028, Heidelberg, Germany.

Journal of Biomolecular NMR
|August 23, 2012
PubMed
Summary
This summary is machine-generated.

Researchers developed two physiological buffers for NMR spectroscopy. These buffers mimic biological fluids, are simple to prepare, and avoid introducing extra signals in (1)H NMR spectra.

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Area of Science:

  • Biophysical Chemistry
  • Analytical Chemistry
  • Biochemistry

Background:

  • Nuclear Magnetic Resonance (NMR) spectroscopy is a powerful technique for analyzing biological samples.
  • Accurate NMR analysis requires buffers that mimic physiological conditions without interfering with spectral data.
  • Existing buffers can introduce unwanted signals, complicating the interpretation of biological NMR spectra.

Purpose of the Study:

  • To describe two novel physiological buffers for NMR spectroscopy.
  • To ensure buffers accurately reflect intracellular and extracellular fluid compositions.
  • To develop buffers that are easy to prepare and do not generate additional (1)H NMR resonances.

Main Methods:

  • Preparation and characterization of two distinct buffer solutions.
  • Testing buffer compatibility with NMR spectroscopy.
  • Evaluation of (1)H NMR spectra for the presence of additional resonances.

Main Results:

  • Two physiological buffer solutions were successfully prepared.
  • The buffers effectively mimic the ionic and chemical environment of intracellular and extracellular fluids.
  • No additional (1)H NMR resonances were observed from the buffers themselves, ensuring spectral clarity.

Conclusions:

  • The described buffers are suitable for NMR spectroscopy of biological samples.
  • These buffers simplify sample preparation and data interpretation in biological NMR studies.
  • The developed buffers offer an advantage by not contributing to spectral complexity.