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Introduction to Nuclear Reprogramming

Introduction to Nuclear Reprogramming

Nuclear reprogramming is the process of switching gene expression of one cell type to that of another cell type, usually from a differentiated cell state to an undifferentiated cell state. Differentiation occurs during processes such as development and morphogenesis, tissue regeneration, and malignancy. Cells can also be artificially induced to reprogram their gene expression by techniques such as nuclear transfer, induced pluripotency, and cell fusion. Such techniques have many applications in...

Reproductive Cloning

Reproductive Cloning

Reproductive cloning is the process of producing a genetically identical copy—a clone—of an entire organism. While clones can be produced by splitting an early embryo—similar to what happens naturally with identical twins—cloning of adult animals is usually done by a process called somatic cell nuclear transfer (SCNT).
Somatic Cell Nuclear Transfer
In SCNT, an egg cell is taken from an animal and its nucleus is removed, creating an enucleated egg. Then a somatic cell—any cell that is not a sex...

Reproductive Cloning

Reproductive Cloning

Reproductive cloning is the process of producing a genetically identical copy—a clone—of an entire organism. While clones can be produced by splitting an early embryo—similar to what happens naturally with identical twins—cloning of adult animals is usually done by a process called somatic cell nuclear transfer (SCNT).
Somatic Cell Nuclear Transfer
In SCNT, an egg cell is taken from an animal and its nucleus is removed, creating an enucleated egg. Then a somatic cell—any cell that is not a sex...

Methods of Nuclear Reprogramming

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Nuclear reprogramming is a process of transforming one cell type into an unrelated cell type by epigenetic changes that alter the cell’s original gene expression pattern. Such epigenetic changes force cells to express a different set of genes, which play a significant role in inducing transformation into other cell types. Nuclear reprogramming offers applications in reproductive cloning for livestock propagation and regenerative medicine — developing patient-specific cells for injury repair.

Cloning of Dolly the Sheep

Cloning of Dolly the Sheep

The first successfully cloned mammal was Dolly, a sheep, born on 5th July 1996 at Roslin Institute, Scotland. The cloned sheep was named after the American singer Dolly Parton. Dolly lived for seven years and died of respiratory complications, which is speculated to be due to the actual age of her DNA. Because the DNA in cloned cells belongs to an older individual, the cloned individual’s life expectancy may be affected. Indeed, analysis of Dolly’s DNA revealed shorter telomeres than other...

Somatic to iPS Cell Reprogramming

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Reprogramming alters the gene expression in somatic cells, transforming them into induced pluripotent stem (iPS) cells over several generations. Scientists can reprogram cells by introducing genes for four transcription factors—Oct4, Sox2, Klf4, and c-Myc (OSKM) by viral or non-viral methods. These factors are also known as Yamanaka factors after Shinya Yamanaka, who first generated iPS cells using mouse skin cells. Yamanaka was awarded the Nobel Prize in Physiology or Medicine in 2012 for this...

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Related Experiment Video

Updated: May 19, 2026

A Simple Microaspiration Technique for Isolating Somatic Cells from Cryopreserved Equine Semen as Nuclear Donors for Cloning

A Simple Microaspiration Technique for Isolating Somatic Cells from Cryopreserved Equine Semen as Nuclear Donors for Cloning

Published on: December 19, 2025

Somatic cell nuclear transfer cloning: practical applications and current legislation.

H Niemann¹, A Lucas-Hahn

¹Institute of Farm Animal Genetics, Friedrich-Loeffler-Institut, Federal Research Institute for Animal Health, Mariensee, Neustadt, Germany. heiner.niemann@fli.bund.de

Reproduction in Domestic Animals = Zuchthygiene

|August 24, 2012

Summary

This summary is machine-generated.

Somatic cell nuclear transfer (SCNT) cloning offers advanced animal breeding through genetic modification for agriculture and medicine. While food from cloned animals is deemed safe, ethical debates regarding animal welfare persist.

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Use of Bisection to Reduce Mitochondrial DNA in the Bovine Oocyte

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A Simple Microaspiration Technique for Isolating Somatic Cells from Cryopreserved Equine Semen as Nuclear Donors for Cloning

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Published on: December 19, 2025

Combinational Treatment of Trichostatin A and Vitamin C Improves the Efficiency of Cloning Mice by Somatic Cell Nuclear Transfer

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Area of Science:

Biotechnology
Animal Breeding
Genetics

Background:

Somatic cloning, utilizing advances in molecular genetics, is a developing biotechnology for animal breeding.
Improvements in Somatic Cell Nuclear Transfer (SCNT) protocols enable practical applications.

Purpose of the Study:

To explore the applications and implications of somatic cloning in animal breeding and research.
To highlight the advantages of SCNT for producing genetically modified animals.

Main Methods:

Somatic Cell Nuclear Transfer (SCNT) for reproductive, therapeutic, and research cloning.
Production of genetically modified (transgenic) animals using cell-based transgenesis compatible with gene targeting.

Main Results:

SCNT offers superior methods for transgenic animal production compared to pronuclear microinjection.
Efficient transgenic animal production presents significant opportunities for agriculture and biomedicine.

Conclusions:

Food derived from cloned animals is considered safe by regulatory agencies worldwide.
Somatic cloning presents ethical and welfare concerns, sparking ongoing debate in Europe.