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Assortative flocking in crossbills and implications for ecological speciation.

Julie W Smith1, Stephanie M Sjoberg, Matthew C Mueller

  • 1Department of Biology, Pacific Lutheran University, Tacoma, WA 98447, USA.

Proceedings. Biological Sciences
|August 24, 2012
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Summary

Red crossbills with different phenotypes show learned vocal recognition, preferring their own call types. This learned association, influenced by bill size divergence, promotes assortative flocking and may drive speciation.

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Area of Science:

  • Evolutionary biology
  • Speciation research
  • Ornithology

Background:

  • Ecological speciation is driven by divergent natural selection.
  • Red crossbills (Loxia curvirostra complex) exhibit ecological specialization and are a model for studying speciation.
  • Phenotypic differences, including bill size and vocalizations, are key to crossbill call type differentiation.

Purpose of the Study:

  • To investigate the relationship between divergent natural selection and reproductive isolation in red crossbills.
  • To determine if vocal recognition and social associations contribute to reproductive isolation.
  • To understand the role of learned responses versus pleiotropic effects in call divergence.

Main Methods:

  • Playback experiments using contact calls from different red crossbill call types.
  • Measuring approach propensity of crossbills to familiar and unfamiliar call types.
  • Correlating approach behavior with phenotypic divergence, specifically bill size.

Main Results:

  • Two red crossbill call types showed a preference for their own call type over heterotypic calls.
  • Approach propensity to heterotypic calls decreased significantly with increasing bill size divergence.
  • Vocal divergence correlated with bill size divergence, but behavioral responses indicated learned recognition rather than pleiotropic effects.

Conclusions:

  • Learned vocal recognition, influenced by phenotypic divergence, contributes to assortative flocking in red crossbills.
  • Assortative flocking can indirectly lead to assortative mating, providing a mechanism for reproductive isolation.
  • Divergent natural selection acting on ecological traits can drive speciation through learned social behaviors.