Jove
Visualize
Contact Us
JoVE
x logofacebook logolinkedin logoyoutube logo
ABOUT JoVE
OverviewLeadershipBlogJoVE Help Center
AUTHORS
Publishing ProcessEditorial BoardScope & PoliciesPeer ReviewFAQSubmit
LIBRARIANS
TestimonialsSubscriptionsAccessResourcesLibrary Advisory BoardFAQ
RESEARCH
JoVE JournalMethods CollectionsJoVE Encyclopedia of ExperimentsArchive
EDUCATION
JoVE CoreJoVE BusinessJoVE Science EducationJoVE Lab ManualFaculty Resource CenterFaculty Site
Terms & Conditions of Use
Privacy Policy
Policies

Related Concept Videos

Mitochondrial Membranes01:45

Mitochondrial Membranes

A single mitochondrion is a bean-shaped organelle enclosed by a double-membrane system. The outer membrane of mitochondria is smooth and contains many porins - the integral membrane transporters. Porins enable free diffusion of ions and small uncharged molecules through the outer mitochondrial membrane but limit the transport of molecules larger than 5000 Daltons. Further, the outer mitochondrial membrane forms a unique structure called membrane contact sites with other subcellular organelles,...
Mitochondrial Membranes01:45

Mitochondrial Membranes

A single mitochondrion is a bean-shaped organelle enclosed by a double-membrane system. The outer membrane of mitochondria is smooth and contains many porins - the integral membrane transporters. Porins enable free diffusion of ions and small uncharged molecules through the outer mitochondrial membrane but limit the transport of molecules larger than 5000 Daltons. Further, the outer mitochondrial membrane forms a unique structure called membrane contact sites with other subcellular organelles,...
Electron Transport Chain: Complex I and II01:46

Electron Transport Chain: Complex I and II

The mitochondrial electron transport chain (ETC) is the main energy generation system in the eukaryotic cells. However, mitochondria also produce cytotoxic reactive oxygen species (ROS) due to the large electron flow during oxidative phosphorylation. While Complex I is one of the primary sources of superoxide radicals, ROS production by Complex II is uncommon and may only be observed in cancer cells with mutated complexes.
ROS generation is regulated and maintained at moderate levels necessary...
The Inner Mitochondrial Membrane01:28

The Inner Mitochondrial Membrane

The inner mitochondrial membrane is the primary site of ATP synthesis. The inner membrane domain that forms a smooth layer adjacent to the outer membrane is called the inner boundary membrane. This domain contains membrane transporters that drive metabolites in and out of the mitochondria.  In contrast, the inner membrane network that invaginates into the matrix space is called the cristae membrane. This domain accounts for principle mitochondrial function as it accommodates the protein...
Mitochondrial Precursor Proteins01:39

Mitochondrial Precursor Proteins

Mitochondrial precursors are partially unfolded or loosely folded polypeptide chains. Newly synthesized precursors are inhibited from spontaneously folding into their native conformation by the cytosolic chaperones, heat shock proteins 70 (Hsp70), and mitochondrial import stimulation factors (MSFs). Precursors bound to MSFs are guided to the TOM70-TOM37 receptors, while precursors bound to Hsp70  chaperones are targetted to TOM20-TOM22 receptor complexes.
Most of the mitochondrial precursors...
Translocation of Proteins into the Mitochondria01:19

Translocation of Proteins into the Mitochondria

Mitochondrial precursors are translocated to the internal subcompartments via independent mechanisms involving distinct protein machineries called translocases.
Sorting of outer membrane proteins:
Mitochondrial outer membrane proteins are of two types: the transmembrane, beta-barrel porins, and the membrane-anchored, alpha-helical proteins. Beta-barrel porin precursors are translocated by the TOM complex and inserted into the outer mitochondrial membrane by the SAM complex. In contrast,...

You might also read

Related Articles

Articles linked to this work by shared authors, journal, and citation graph.

Sort by
Same author

Metabolic design considerations for recycling of respiratory CO<sub>2</sub> in leaves.

The Plant journal : for cell and molecular biology·2026
Same author

Nanoscale regulation of ROS signaling at the plasma membrane tunes the plant response to osmotic stress.

Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences of the United States of America·2026
Same author

Mitochondrial glutamine synthetase overexpression in tomato source leaves increases assimilate export and fruit yield.

The Plant cell·2026
Same author

Repurposing payloads: next generation of antibody-drug conjugates.

Trends in cancer·2026
Same author

Emerging roles of glutaredoxins in plant metabolism.

Journal of experimental botany·2026
Same author

Root growth in Arabidopsis depends on the amount of glutathione and not the glutathione redox potential.

Journal of experimental botany·2026

Related Experiment Video

Updated: May 19, 2026

Confocal Imaging of Single Mitochondrial Superoxide Flashes in Intact Heart or In Vivo
12:06

Confocal Imaging of Single Mitochondrial Superoxide Flashes in Intact Heart or In Vivo

Published on: November 5, 2013

Mitochondrial 'flashes': a radical concept repHined.

Markus Schwarzländer1, Michael P Murphy, Michael R Duchen

  • 1INRES - Chemical Signalling, University of Bonn, Friedrich-Ebert-Allee 144, 53113 Bonn, Germany. markus.schwarzlander@uni-bonn.de

Trends in Cell Biology
|August 25, 2012
PubMed
Summary
This summary is machine-generated.

Mitochondrial flashes observed in cells do not signal superoxide bursts. Instead, these flashes are caused by transient alkalinisation within the mitochondrial matrix, requiring a revised interpretation framework.

More Related Videos

Photostimulation by Femtosecond Laser Activates Extracellular-signal-regulated Kinase (ERK) Signaling or Mitochondrial Events in Target Cells
11:00

Photostimulation by Femtosecond Laser Activates Extracellular-signal-regulated Kinase (ERK) Signaling or Mitochondrial Events in Target Cells

Published on: July 6, 2019

Assessment of Mitochondrial Fission/Fusion Dynamics in Kidney Proximal Tubular Cells
06:14

Assessment of Mitochondrial Fission/Fusion Dynamics in Kidney Proximal Tubular Cells

Published on: November 14, 2025

Related Experiment Videos

Last Updated: May 19, 2026

Confocal Imaging of Single Mitochondrial Superoxide Flashes in Intact Heart or In Vivo
12:06

Confocal Imaging of Single Mitochondrial Superoxide Flashes in Intact Heart or In Vivo

Published on: November 5, 2013

Photostimulation by Femtosecond Laser Activates Extracellular-signal-regulated Kinase (ERK) Signaling or Mitochondrial Events in Target Cells
11:00

Photostimulation by Femtosecond Laser Activates Extracellular-signal-regulated Kinase (ERK) Signaling or Mitochondrial Events in Target Cells

Published on: July 6, 2019

Assessment of Mitochondrial Fission/Fusion Dynamics in Kidney Proximal Tubular Cells
06:14

Assessment of Mitochondrial Fission/Fusion Dynamics in Kidney Proximal Tubular Cells

Published on: November 14, 2025

Area of Science:

  • Mitochondrial biology
  • Cellular metabolism
  • Redox signaling

Background:

  • Mitochondrial free radicals and redox balance are crucial for cellular metabolism and fate.
  • Measuring these dynamics in vivo is challenging.
  • Reported 'superoxide flashes' using cpYFP were thought to be a breakthrough.

Purpose of the Study:

  • To critically review the interpretation of mitochondrial cpYFP flashes.
  • To determine the underlying cause of these flashes.
  • To provide a revised framework for understanding mitochondrial flashes.

Main Methods:

  • Critical review of existing evidence on mitochondrial cpYFP flashes.
  • Analysis of data related to fluorescence changes and metabolic stressors.
  • Re-evaluation of the mechanisms causing mitochondrial flashes.

Main Results:

  • Mitochondrial cpYFP flashes do not represent superoxide bursts.
  • The observed flashes are caused by transient alkalinisation of the mitochondrial matrix.
  • Existing interpretations of cpYFP flashes require revision.

Conclusions:

  • The interpretation of mitochondrial cpYFP flashes as superoxide bursts is incorrect.
  • Transient mitochondrial matrix alkalinisation is the cause of these flashes.
  • A new framework is needed to accurately interpret mitochondrial flash phenomena.