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The Replisome

The Replisome

DNA replication is carried out by a large complex of proteins that act in a coordinated matter to achieve high-fidelity DNA replication. Together this complex is known as the DNA replication machinery or the replisome.
The synthesis of the leading and lagging strands is a highly coordinated process. To explain this, the “Trombone model” was proposed by Bruce Alberts in 1980. The DNA loop formation starts when a primer is synthesized on the parent lagging strand. The loop grows with the...

The Replisome

The Replisome

DNA replication is carried out by a large complex of proteins that act in a coordinated matter to achieve high-fidelity DNA replication. Together this complex is known as the DNA replication machinery or the replisome.
The synthesis of the leading and lagging strands is a highly coordinated process. To explain this, the “Trombone model” was proposed by Bruce Alberts in 1980. The DNA loop formation starts when a primer is synthesized on the parent lagging strand. The loop grows with the...

Replication in Eukaryotes

Replication in Eukaryotes

Replication in Eukaryotes

Replication in Eukaryotes

In eukaryotic cells, DNA replication is highly conserved and tightly regulated. Multiple linear chromosomes must be duplicated with high fidelity before cell division, so there are many proteins that fulfill specialized roles in the replication process. Replication occurs in three phases: initiation, elongation, and termination, and ends with two complete sets of chromosomes in the nucleus.
Many Proteins Orchestrate Replication at the Origin
Eukaryotic replication follows many of the same...

Replication in Eukaryotes

Replication in Eukaryotes

In eukaryotic cells, DNA replication is highly conserved and tightly regulated. Multiple linear chromosomes must be duplicated with high fidelity before cell division, so there are many proteins that fulfill specialized roles in the replication process. Replication occurs in three phases: initiation, elongation, and termination, and ends with two complete sets of chromosomes in the nucleus.
Many Proteins Orchestrate Replication at the Origin
Eukaryotic replication follows many of the same...

Replication in Eukaryotes

Replication in Eukaryotes

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Related Experiment Video

Updated: May 19, 2026

Strand-Specific Analysis of Proteins at Replicating DNA Strands by Enrichment and Sequencing of Protein-Associated Nascent DNA Method

Strand-Specific Analysis of Proteins at Replicating DNA Strands by Enrichment and Sequencing of Protein-Associated Nascent DNA Method

Published on: May 2, 2025

Evolutionary diversification of eukaryotic DNA replication machinery.

Stephen J Aves¹, Yuan Liu, Thomas A Richards

¹Biosciences, College of Life and Environmental Sciences, University of Exeter, Geoffrey Pope Building, Stocker Road, Exeter, EX4 4QD, UK, s.j.aves@exeter.ac.uk.

Sub-Cellular Biochemistry

|August 25, 2012

Summary

Researchers explored eukaryotic DNA replication machinery across diverse species. They identified 43 essential proteins present in the last common eukaryotic ancestor, revealing a complex replication system predating the ancestor.

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Single-Molecule Real-Time Visualization of DNA Unwinding by CMG Helicase

Single-Molecule Real-Time Visualization of DNA Unwinding by CMG Helicase

Published on: September 27, 2024

G2-seq: A High Throughput Sequencing-based Technique for Identifying Late Replicating Regions of the Genome

G2-seq: A High Throughput Sequencing-based Technique for Identifying Late Replicating Regions of the Genome

Published on: March 22, 2018

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Last Updated: May 19, 2026

Strand-Specific Analysis of Proteins at Replicating DNA Strands by Enrichment and Sequencing of Protein-Associated Nascent DNA Method

Strand-Specific Analysis of Proteins at Replicating DNA Strands by Enrichment and Sequencing of Protein-Associated Nascent DNA Method

Published on: May 2, 2025

Single-Molecule Real-Time Visualization of DNA Unwinding by CMG Helicase

Single-Molecule Real-Time Visualization of DNA Unwinding by CMG Helicase

Published on: September 27, 2024

G2-seq: A High Throughput Sequencing-based Technique for Identifying Late Replicating Regions of the Genome

G2-seq: A High Throughput Sequencing-based Technique for Identifying Late Replicating Regions of the Genome

Published on: March 22, 2018

Area of Science:

Molecular Biology
Evolutionary Biology
Genomics

Background:

Current DNA replication research heavily relies on model organisms like Xenopus laevis and yeast species, which represent limited eukaryotic diversity.
Animals and fungi, both Opisthokonts, offer an incomplete view of the evolutionary landscape of DNA replication machinery.

Purpose of the Study:

To investigate the evolutionary diversification of eukaryotic DNA replication machinery.
To explore the presence and absence of key replication proteins across diverse eukaryotic taxa using a bioinformatic approach.

Main Methods:

Conducted a comparative genomic survey of 59 DNA replication proteins.
Analyzed a diverse set of 36 eukaryotes spanning all six major eukaryotic phylogenetic supergroups.

Main Results:

Identified 23 proteins universally present in all examined species, including Mcm2-7, Cdc45, RPA1, and DNA polymerases.
Found an additional 20 proteins conserved across all six eukaryotic supergroups, such as ORC, MCM, GINS, and RPA families.
Established a minimal set of 43 proteins constituting the replisome of the last common eukaryotic ancestor (LCEA).

Conclusions:

The last common eukaryotic ancestor possessed a significantly more complex DNA replication machinery than Archaea.
Gene duplications in the LCEA lineage likely contributed to the evolution of complex eukaryotic cellular features, including the replication machinery.