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Related Concept Videos

The Kinetic Model of Gases01:24

The Kinetic Model of Gases

The kinetic model of gases explains the properties of a perfect gas using three main assumptions: molecules move in ceaseless random motion, their size is negligible compared to the distances between them, and they do not interact except during perfectly elastic collisions. The total energy of a gas is the sum of the kinetic energies of all its constituent molecules. The pressure exerted by the gas arises from the continual bombardment of the container walls by billions of colliding molecules.
Homogeneous Equilibria for Gaseous Reactions02:15

Homogeneous Equilibria for Gaseous Reactions

Homogeneous Equilibria for Gaseous Reactions
For gas-phase reactions, the equilibrium constant may be expressed in terms of either the molar concentrations (Kc) or partial pressures (Kp) of the reactants and products. A relation between these two K values may be simply derived from the ideal gas equation and the definition of molarity. According to the ideal gas equation:
Basic Postulates of Kinetic Molecular Theory: Particle Size, Energy, and Collision02:43

Basic Postulates of Kinetic Molecular Theory: Particle Size, Energy, and Collision

The ideal-gas equation, which is empirical, describes the behavior of gases by establishing relationships between their macroscopic properties. For example, Charles’ law states that volume and temperature are directly related. Gases, therefore, expand when heated at constant pressure. Although gas laws explain how the macroscopic properties change relative to one another, it does not explain the rationale behind it.
Kinetic Theory of an Ideal Gas01:12

Kinetic Theory of an Ideal Gas

A mole is defined as the amount of any substance that contains as many molecules as there are atoms in exactly 12 grams of carbon-12. An Italian scientist Amedeo Avogadro (1776–1856) formed the  hypothesis that equal volumes of gas at equal pressure and temperature contain equal numbers of molecules, independent of the type of gas. Later, the hypothesis was developed to form the SI unit for measuring the amount of any substance.
The number of molecules in one mole is called Avogadro's number...
Kinetic Molecular Theory and Gas Laws Explain Properties of Gas Molecules02:34

Kinetic Molecular Theory and Gas Laws Explain Properties of Gas Molecules

The test of the kinetic molecular theory (KMT) and its postulates is its ability to explain and describe the behavior of a gas. The various gas laws (Boyle’s, Charles’s, Gay-Lussac’s, Avogadro’s, and Dalton’s laws) can be derived from the assumptions of the KMT, which have led chemists to believe that the assumptions of the theory accurately represent the properties of gas molecules.
Catalysis02:50

Catalysis

The presence of a catalyst affects the rate of a chemical reaction. A catalyst is a substance that can increase the reaction rate without being consumed during the process. A basic comprehension of a catalysts’ role during chemical reactions can be understood from the concept of reaction mechanisms and energy diagrams.

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Related Experiment Video

Updated: May 19, 2026

Multiscale Sampling of a Heterogeneous Water/Metal Catalyst Interface using Density Functional Theory and Force-Field Molecular Dynamics
10:52

Multiscale Sampling of a Heterogeneous Water/Metal Catalyst Interface using Density Functional Theory and Force-Field Molecular Dynamics

Published on: April 12, 2019

A generalized kinetic model for heterogeneous gas-solid reactions.

Zhijie Xu1, Xin Sun, Mohammad A Khaleel

  • 1Computational Sciences and Mathematics Division, Fundamental and Computational Sciences Directorate, Pacific Northwest National Laboratory, Richland, Washington 99352, USA. zhijie.xu@pnnl.gov

The Journal of Chemical Physics
|August 28, 2012
PubMed
Summary
This summary is machine-generated.

A new generalized kinetic model accounts for interfacial reactions and product layer transport in gas-solid heterogeneous reactions. This advanced model offers accurate solutions for reaction kinetics, surpassing the standard shrinking core model in complex scenarios.

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An Analog Macroscopic Technique for Studying Molecular Hydrodynamic Processes in Dense Gases and Liquids
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An Analog Macroscopic Technique for Studying Molecular Hydrodynamic Processes in Dense Gases and Liquids

Published on: December 4, 2017

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Last Updated: May 19, 2026

Multiscale Sampling of a Heterogeneous Water/Metal Catalyst Interface using Density Functional Theory and Force-Field Molecular Dynamics
10:52

Multiscale Sampling of a Heterogeneous Water/Metal Catalyst Interface using Density Functional Theory and Force-Field Molecular Dynamics

Published on: April 12, 2019

Combustion Chemistry of Fuels: Quantitative Speciation Data Obtained from an Atmospheric High-temperature Flow Reactor with Coupled Molecular-beam Mass Spectrometer
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Combustion Chemistry of Fuels: Quantitative Speciation Data Obtained from an Atmospheric High-temperature Flow Reactor with Coupled Molecular-beam Mass Spectrometer

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An Analog Macroscopic Technique for Studying Molecular Hydrodynamic Processes in Dense Gases and Liquids
11:03

An Analog Macroscopic Technique for Studying Molecular Hydrodynamic Processes in Dense Gases and Liquids

Published on: December 4, 2017

Area of Science:

  • Chemical Engineering
  • Reaction Kinetics
  • Heterogeneous Catalysis

Background:

  • Gas-solid heterogeneous reactions are crucial in many industrial processes.
  • The standard unreacted shrinking core model simplifies reaction kinetics by assuming quasi-static diffusion.
  • This assumption limits the accuracy of the standard model under certain conditions.

Purpose of the Study:

  • To develop a generalized kinetic model for gas-solid heterogeneous reactions.
  • To incorporate both interfacial reaction and product layer transport phenomena.
  • To provide accurate solutions for reaction kinetics, including front velocity and conversion.

Main Methods:

  • Developed a generalized kinetic model that relaxes the quasi-static diffusion assumption.
  • Resolved the entire problem to obtain general solutions for reaction kinetics.
  • Compared the generalized model with the unreacted shrinking core model.

Main Results:

  • The generalized model accurately captures reaction kinetics, including reaction front velocity and solid conversion.
  • The unreacted shrinking core model is a valid approximation under conditions of slow reaction, fast diffusion, low reactant concentration, or small particle size.
  • Deviations occur when these conditions are not met, necessitating the generalized model.

Conclusions:

  • The generalized kinetic model provides a more comprehensive understanding of gas-solid heterogeneous reactions.
  • The study highlights the limitations of the unreacted shrinking core model.
  • The findings guide the selection of appropriate kinetic models for accurate process simulation and design.