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Traumatic Brain Injury l: Introduction

Traumatic Brain Injury l: Introduction

DefinitionTraumatic brain injury, or TBI, is a disturbance of normal brain function induced by an external mechanical force, such as a direct blow to the head or a penetrating injury. It can affect both brain structure and function, producing a wide range of clinical outcomes. TBI is a heterogeneous condition, meaning its effects may differ based on the type, location, and severity of the injury.Basis of ClassificationTBI is classified based on severity, injury mechanism, or pathophysiology. In...

Increased Intracranial Pressure l: Introduction

Increased Intracranial Pressure l: Introduction

Intracranial hypertension is a sustained elevation of intracranial pressure (ICP) above 22 mm Hg. In supine adults, normal ICP is ~7–15 mm Hg.The rigid, nonexpandable cranium contains three components—brain tissue, blood, and cerebrospinal fluid (CSF)—that total ~1,700 mL in a typical adult: 1,400 mL brain (~80%), 150 mL blood (~10%), and 150 mL CSF (~10%). According to the Monro–Kellie doctrine, total intracranial volume is effectively fixed. When one component expands, CSF and venous blood...

Increased Intracranial Pressure ll: Pathophysiology

Increased Intracranial Pressure ll: Pathophysiology

Increased intracranial pressure (ICP) refers to a potentially life-threatening rise in pressure inside the skull. This usually happens when there is a major change in the volume of brain tissue, blood, or cerebrospinal fluid (CSF) — the three components inside the skull. According to the Monro-Kellie doctrine, if the volume of one component increases, the volumes of the other components must decrease to maintain normal pressure. If this does not happen, ICP rises.The process often begins with...

Hemorrhagic Stroke ll: Pathophysiology

Hemorrhagic Stroke ll: Pathophysiology

A hemorrhagic stroke develops when a cerebral blood vessel ruptures, allowing blood to escape into the surrounding brain tissue, as in intracerebral hemorrhage (ICH), or into the subarachnoid space, as in subarachnoid hemorrhage (SAH). Because the skull is a rigid compartment, the sudden presence of extravascular blood rapidly increases intracranial pressure and compresses adjacent neural structures, leading to immediate tissue injury and impaired cerebral perfusion.Mass Effect and Primary...

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A Pediatric Concussion Model in Mice: Closed Head Injury with Long-Term Disorders (CHILD)

A Pediatric Concussion Model in Mice: Closed Head Injury with Long-Term Disorders (CHILD)

Published on: February 7, 2025

Head injuries in children under 3 years.

Louise M Crowe¹, Cathy Catroppa, Vicki Anderson

¹Psychological Science, University of Melbourne, Melbourne, Australia. louise.crowe@mcri.edu.au

|August 28, 2012

Summary

Infants under 12 months face the highest risk of head injuries, often from falls. Increased parental supervision and home safety measures can prevent many of these pediatric head injuries.

Area of Science:

Pediatric Emergency Medicine
Trauma Research

Background:

Head injuries are common in children under 3 years old.
Detailed data on pediatric head injuries remain limited.

Purpose of the Study:

To analyze the characteristics and causes of head injuries in young children.
To identify high-risk age groups for head trauma.

Main Methods:

Retrospective review of medical records.
Study population: children aged 0-3 years treated in a pediatric emergency department over two years.

Main Results:

Infants aged 0-6 months had the highest incidence of moderate head injury.
Children under 12 months represented the highest-risk group for head injury.

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Assessing Changes in Synaptic Plasticity Using an Awake Closed-Head Injury Model of Mild Traumatic Brain Injury

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Falls, including from caregiver's arms, were the most frequent cause.

Conclusions:

Young children, particularly those under 12 months, are at significant risk of head injury.
Preventive strategies, such as enhanced parental supervision and improved home safety, are crucial.