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Related Concept Videos

MicroRNAs01:22

MicroRNAs

MicroRNA (miRNA) are short, regulatory RNA transcribed from introns—non-coding regions of a gene—or intergenic regions—stretches of DNA present between genes. Several processing steps are required to form biologically active, mature miRNA. The initial transcript, called primary miRNA (pri-mRNA), base-pairs with itself forming a stem-loop structure. Within the nucleus, an endonuclease enzyme, called Drosha, shortens the stem-loop structure into hairpin-shaped pre-miRNA. After the pre-miRNA ends...
MicroRNAs01:22

MicroRNAs

MicroRNA (miRNA) are short, regulatory RNA transcribed from introns (non-coding regions of a gene) or intergenic regions (stretches of DNA present between genes). Several processing steps are required to form biologically active, mature miRNA. The initial transcript, called primary miRNA (pri-mRNA), base-pairs with itself, forming a stem-loop structure. Within the nucleus, an endonuclease enzyme, called Drosha, shortens the stem-loop structure into hairpin-shaped pre-miRNA. After the pre-miRNA...
MicroRNAs01:22

MicroRNAs

MicroRNA (miRNA) are short, regulatory RNA transcribed from introns—non-coding regions of a gene—or intergenic regions—stretches of DNA present between genes. Several processing steps are required to form biologically active, mature miRNA. The initial transcript, called primary miRNA (pri-mRNA), base-pairs with itself forming a stem-loop structure. Within the nucleus, an endonuclease enzyme, called Drosha, shortens the stem-loop structure into hairpin-shaped pre-miRNA. After the pre-miRNA ends...
Turnover Number and Catalytic Efficiency01:19

Turnover Number and Catalytic Efficiency

The turnover number of an enzyme is the maximum number of substrate molecules it can transform per unit time. Turnover numbers for most enzymes range from 1 to 1000 molecules per second. Catalase has the known highest turnover number, capable of converting up to 2.8×106 molecules of hydrogen peroxide into water and oxygen per second. Lysozyme has the lowest known turnover number of half a molecule per second.
Chymotrypsin is a pancreatic enzyme that breaks down proteins during digestion. The...
Regulation of Expression Occurs at Multiple Steps02:24

Regulation of Expression Occurs at Multiple Steps

Gene expression can be regulated at almost every step from gene to protein. Transcription is the step that is most commonly regulated. This involves the binding of proteins to short regulatory sequences on the DNA. This association can either promote or inhibit the transcription of a gene associated with the respective sequence.
Transcription results in the generation of precursor (pre-mRNA) that consists of both exons and introns, which needs further processing before being translated to a...
Translational Regulation01:29

Translational Regulation

Translational regulation in prokaryotes ensures efficient protein synthesis by controlling ribosome access to mRNA. This regulation is mediated by secondary RNA structures, including translational riboswitches, RNA thermometers, and small RNAs (sRNAs), which respond to intracellular and environmental signals to modulate gene expression.Translational RiboswitchesRiboswitches in the leader region of mRNAs can regulate translation by altering the accessibility of the Shine-Dalgarno (SD) sequence,...

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MicroRNA-based Regulation of Picornavirus Tropism
09:05

MicroRNA-based Regulation of Picornavirus Tropism

Published on: February 6, 2017

MicroRNA turnover: when, how, and why.

Stefan Rüegger1, Helge Großhans

  • 1Friedrich Miescher Institute for Biomedical Research, Novartis Research Foundation, Maulbeerstrasse 66, CH-4058 Basel, Switzerland.

Trends in Biochemical Sciences
|August 28, 2012
PubMed
Summary
This summary is machine-generated.

MicroRNAs (miRNAs) are regulated by transcription and processing. Active degradation of mature miRNAs is a newly identified mechanism crucial for maintaining miRNA balance and cellular function.

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Area of Science:

  • Molecular Biology
  • Gene Regulation
  • RNA Biology

Background:

  • MicroRNAs (miRNAs) are essential regulators of gene expression, impacting numerous biological processes.
  • miRNA expression is controlled by transcription and precursor processing.
  • Maintaining miRNA homeostasis is vital for cellular function.

Purpose of the Study:

  • To review the molecular factors and cellular conditions that influence miRNA turnover.
  • To discuss the physiological significance of miRNA decay pathways.

Main Methods:

  • Literature review of studies on miRNA degradation.
  • Analysis of molecular mechanisms governing miRNA stability.
  • Synthesis of current knowledge on miRNA decay.

Main Results:

  • Active degradation of mature miRNAs is a significant mechanism for regulating miRNA levels.
  • Various molecular factors and cellular conditions contribute to miRNA turnover.
  • miRNA decay plays a critical role in miRNA homeostasis.

Conclusions:

  • Understanding miRNA decay is essential for comprehending gene regulation.
  • miRNA turnover contributes significantly to the precise control of cellular processes.
  • Further research into miRNA decay mechanisms will illuminate their physiological roles.