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Related Concept Videos

Vertebral Column: Regions and Curvature01:16

Vertebral Column: Regions and Curvature

The vertebral column or spine is a flexible column that supports the head, neck, and body and  allows for their movements. It also protects the spinal cord.
Regions of the Vertebral Column
In an adult, the spine is subdivided into five regions: the cervical, the thoracic, the lumbar, the sacral, and the coccygeal region. The spine initially develops as a series of 33 vertebrae; after 20 years of age, the nine bones in the sacral region, five sacral, and four coccygeal bones fuse to form the...
Changes in the Appendicular Skeleton with Age01:09

Changes in the Appendicular Skeleton with Age

The upper and lower limb initially develops as a small bulge called a limb bud, which appears on the lateral side of the early embryo. The upper limb bud appears near the end of the fourth week of development, with the lower limb bud appearing shortly after.
Initially, the limb buds consist of a core of mesenchyme covered by a layer of ectoderm. The ectoderm at the end of the limb bud thickens to form a narrow crest called the apical ectodermal ridge. This ridge stimulates the underlying...
Overview of the Axial Skeleton01:09

Overview of the Axial Skeleton

The skeleton is subdivided into two major divisions—the axial skeleton and the appendicular skeleton. The axial skeleton forms the vertical, central axis of the body. It includes all of the bones of the head, neck, chest, and back. It protects the brain, spinal cord, heart, and lungs. It also serves as the attachment site for muscles that move the head, neck, and back and for muscles that act across the shoulder and hip joints to move their corresponding limbs.
The axial skeleton of the adult...
Cranial Bones: Superior and Posterior View01:14

Cranial Bones: Superior and Posterior View

The superior view of the cranium shows the frontal and paired parietal bones.
The frontal bone is the single bone that forms the forehead. At its anterior midline, between the eyebrows, there is a slight depression called the glabella. The frontal bone also forms the supraorbital margin of the orbit. Near the middle of this margin is the supraorbital foramen, the opening that provides passage for a sensory nerve to the forehead. The frontal bone is thickened just above each supraorbital margin,...
Sutures of the Skull01:22

Sutures of the Skull

The human skull is composed of several bones that come together to protect the brain and support the structures of the face. The junctions where these bones meet are called sutures.
Sutures are immobile joints between adjacent bones of the skull. The narrow gap between the bones is filled with dense, fibrous connective tissue that unites the bones. The long sutures located between the skull bones are not straight but instead follow irregular, tightly twisting paths. These twisting lines tightly...
Cranial Bones: Lateral View01:27

Cranial Bones: Lateral View

The lateral view of the cranium is dominated by temporal, sphenoid, and ethmoid bones.
The temporal bone forms the lower lateral side of the skull. The temporal bone is subdivided into several regions. The flattened upper portion is the squamous portion of the temporal bone. Below this area and projecting anteriorly is the zygomatic process of the temporal bone, which forms the posterior portion of the zygomatic arch. Posteriorly is the mastoid portion of the temporal bone. Projecting...

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Related Experiment Video

Updated: May 19, 2026

Modified Posterior Vertebral Column Resection for Patients with Thoracolumbar Kyphotic Deformity
06:45

Modified Posterior Vertebral Column Resection for Patients with Thoracolumbar Kyphotic Deformity

Published on: September 16, 2022

Scheuermann kyphosis in nonhuman primates.

Brian M Farrell1, Calvin C Kuo, Jessica A Tang

  • 1St. Mary's Medical Center, San Francisco, CA 94117, USA. bmfm38a1@yahoo.com

Spine
|August 28, 2012
PubMed
Summary
This summary is machine-generated.

Scheuermann kyphosis, a spinal condition, was found in chimpanzees, indicating bipedalism isn't required for its development. This suggests the condition’s origins predate human upright walking.

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Dissecting the Non-human Primate Brain in Stereotaxic Space
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Dissecting the Non-human Primate Brain in Stereotaxic Space

Published on: July 16, 2009

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Last Updated: May 19, 2026

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06:45

Modified Posterior Vertebral Column Resection for Patients with Thoracolumbar Kyphotic Deformity

Published on: September 16, 2022

Dissecting the Non-human Primate Brain in Stereotaxic Space
09:09

Dissecting the Non-human Primate Brain in Stereotaxic Space

Published on: July 16, 2009

Area of Science:

  • Primate anatomy and pathology
  • Evolutionary medicine
  • Skeletal biology

Background:

  • The causes of Scheuermann kyphosis are not fully understood.
  • Biomechanical factors related to upright posture are suspected contributors.
  • Previously, Scheuermann kyphosis was documented only in humans and extinct bipedal hominids.

Purpose of the Study:

  • To investigate the presence and prevalence of Scheuermann kyphosis in quadrupedal primates.
  • To test the hypothesis that bipedalism is essential for Scheuermann kyphosis development.

Main Methods:

  • A cadaveric study examined thoracic spines of chimpanzees (Pan troglodytes) and gorillas (Gorilla gorilla).
  • Vertebrae were assessed for Scheuermann kyphosis using Sorenson criteria, anterior vertebral body extensions, and Schmorl nodes.

Main Results:

  • Scheuermann kyphosis was identified in 2.2% of chimpanzee specimens, characterized by vertebral wedging and anterior extensions.
  • One affected chimpanzee also had Schmorl nodes; two unaffected specimens did.
  • No gorillas exhibited features of Scheuermann kyphosis or Schmorl nodes.

Conclusions:

  • Scheuermann kyphosis occurs in quadrupedal nonhuman primates.
  • Bipedalism is not a prerequisite for developing Scheuermann kyphosis.
  • The evolutionary origins of Scheuermann kyphosis predate bipedal locomotion.