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Bones of the Upper Limb: Humerus

Bones of the Upper Limb: Humerus

The upper limb consists of the arm, forearm, wrist, and hand bones. The humerus is the single bone of the upper arm region. Proximally, it has a large, spherical, smooth head that articulates with the glenoid cavity of the scapula to form the glenohumeral or shoulder joint. The margin of the head is the anatomical neck, a residual epiphyseal plate. Laterally it extends to form bony projections called the greater tubercle and the lesser tubercle. Next to the tubercles is the surgical neck, a...

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Related Experiment Video

Updated: May 19, 2026

Robotic Mirror Therapy System for Functional Recovery of Hemiplegic Arms

Robotic Mirror Therapy System for Functional Recovery of Hemiplegic Arms

Published on: August 15, 2016

Does humeral lengthening with a monolateral frame improve function?

Abhijit Y Pawar¹, Thomas H McCoy, Austin T Fragomen

¹Hospital for Special Surgery, 535 East 70th Street, New York, NY 10021, USA.

Clinical Orthopaedics and Related Research

|August 29, 2012

Summary

This summary is machine-generated.

Monolateral external fixation effectively lengthens the humerus, improving patient function with outcomes comparable to traditional circular frames. This method is well-tolerated and reduces complications associated with humeral lengthening procedures.

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Area of Science:

Orthopedic surgery
Limb reconstruction
Biomechanical engineering

Background:

Traditional humeral lengthening uses bulky circular external fixators.
Monolateral frames represent a technological advancement in external fixation.
Functional outcomes after monolateral humeral lengthening require further investigation.

Purpose of the Study:

To evaluate functional improvement after humeral lengthening using monolateral fixators.
To compare length restoration and complication rates with historical circular fixator data.

Main Methods:

Retrospective review of 15 humeral lengthenings in 11 patients using monolateral external fixation.
Collection of clinical and radiographic data, including DASH scores for functional assessment.
Minimum follow-up of 14 months (average 38 months).

Main Results:

Average lengthening of 7 cm (41% increase), with an external fixation index of 32 days/cm.
Major complication rate (20%) and shoulder range of motion were comparable to circular frames.
DASH scores improved from a mean of 14 to 9 postoperatively, indicating enhanced function.
Monolateral frames allowed for comfortable arm positioning without impingement.

Conclusions:

Humeral lengthening with monolateral external fixation is well-tolerated and effective.
This technique achieves functional improvement comparable to traditional methods.
Complication rates are similar to those seen with circular external fixators.