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Related Concept Videos

Larynx01:21

Larynx

The human larynx, often referred to as the voice box, is an intricate organ located in the neck. It serves as a pathway for air to enter the lungs during respiration and is an essential component of voice production.
Anatomy of the Larynx
The larynx consists of various components, including cartilage, muscles, and vocal cords. Its structure includes three large unpaired cartilages—the thyroid, cricoid, and epiglottis—and three smaller paired cartilages—the arytenoids, corniculates, and...
Pharynx01:20

Pharynx

The pharynx, a tubular structure framed by skeletal muscle and lined with mucous membrane, extends continuously from the nasal cavities. It is segmented into three major areas: the nasopharynx, oropharynx, and laryngopharynx.
Nasopharynx
The nasopharynx, bordered by the conchae of the nasal cavity, serves exclusively as an air conduit. In its superior region, the pharyngeal tonsils or adenoids are located. These tonsils are clusters of lymphoid reticular tissue akin to a lymph node. The precise...
Suctioning the Oropharyngeal Airway01:25

Suctioning the Oropharyngeal Airway

In preparing for oropharyngeal airway suctioning, a nurse must gather all necessary equipment, including a suction unit with tubing, a prepackaged suction kit, sterile gloves, water or saline for irrigation, a water-soluble lubricant, and additional personal protective equipment (such as a gown, mask, and goggles) to control infections.
After assembling the equipment, the nurse should practice hand hygiene and don appropriate PPE according to infection control guidelines to avoid the...
Upper GI Series: Barium Swallow01:24

Upper GI Series: Barium Swallow

The Barium Swallow Study, or a Barium Esophagogram, is a diagnostic imaging method used to visualize the upper gastrointestinal (GI) tract, including the esophagus, stomach, and small intestine. It employs barium sulfate, a radiopaque contrast material, to provide clear images of the upper digestive system, helping to identify abnormalities, diseases, or structural issues.
Purpose and Procedure
Patients undergoing this procedure ingest a liquid containing barium sulfate with a chalky...
Suctioning the Nasopharyngeal Airway01:29

Suctioning the Nasopharyngeal Airway

Nasopharyngeal suctioning is a procedure to remove secretions from the upper part of the respiratory tract that the patient cannot clear independently. It helps maintain airway patency and prevents complications such as aspiration pneumonia.
Equipment Required
Deglutition01:25

Deglutition

Swallowing, otherwise known as deglutition, facilitates the transport of food from the mouth to the stomach. It is a multifaceted process that involves both the tongue and the muscles of the throat and esophagus. Saliva and mucus aid in this process, which takes approximately 4 to 8 seconds for semi-solid or solid food and around 1 second for liquids or very soft food.
Swallowing can be divided into three stages: the voluntary phase, the pharyngeal phase, and the esophageal phase. Although the...

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Investigating the Three-dimensional Flow Separation Induced by a Model Vocal Fold Polyp
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Published on: February 3, 2014

Soprano singing in gibbons.

Hiroki Koda1, Takeshi Nishimura, Isao T Tokuda

  • 1Primate Research Institute, Kyoto University, Inuyama, Aichi 484-8506, Japan.

American Journal of Physical Anthropology
|August 29, 2012
PubMed
Summary
This summary is machine-generated.

Gibbon songs, like human soprano singing, amplify a pure tone by precisely tuning the vocal tract. This vocal control, not just anatomy, shapes primate communication.

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Area of Science:

  • Bioacoustics
  • Primate communication
  • Evolutionary biology

Background:

  • Primate vocalizations, including human speech, evolve with vocal anatomy and physiology.
  • Gibbon songs are unique: loud, melodious, and pure-tone-like.
  • The white-handed gibbon (Hylobates lar) exhibits distinct song characteristics.

Purpose of the Study:

  • To investigate the acoustic properties of gibbon song.
  • To understand the role of the vocal tract in gibbon vocalization.
  • To compare gibbon singing mechanisms with human singing.

Main Methods:

  • Acoustic analysis of gibbon songs in normal and helium-enriched atmospheres.
  • Acoustic simulations to model vocal tract function.
  • Comparison with principles of musical wind instruments and human singing.

Main Results:

  • Gibbon fundamental frequency (f(0)) is amplified independently of higher harmonics in normal air.
  • In helium, f(0) is suppressed while 2f(0) is emphasized, indicating source independence from the vocal tract filter.
  • Acoustic simulations suggest gibbons tune their vocal tract's first formant (F(1)) to f(0), amplifying the fundamental frequency, similar to human sopranos.

Conclusions:

  • Gibbon vocalization relies on dynamic vocal tract control, not solely anatomical changes.
  • This vocal control allows for pure-tonal songs in dense forest environments.
  • Similarities in vocal control mechanisms highlight convergent evolution in primate communication.