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Related Concept Videos

Introduction to Cognitive Psychology01:20

Introduction to Cognitive Psychology

Cognitive psychology is the field of psychology dedicated to examining how people think. It attempts to explain how and why we think the way we do by studying the interactions among human thinking, emotion, creativity, language, and problem-solving, as well as other cognitive processes. Cognitive psychology studies how information is processed and manipulated in remembering, thinking, and knowing.
This field emerged in the mid-20th century, following a period dominated by behaviorism, which...
Cognitivism01:17

Cognitivism

Cognitive psychology emerged as a significant field in the mid-20th century. It focused on understanding humans' internal mental processes. This approach emphasizes how people perceive, remember, think, and solve problems—elements critical to human cognition.
Previously dominated by behaviorism, which prioritized observable behaviors and largely ignored mental processes, psychology transformed in the 1950s. Cognitive psychologists argue that understanding how we think and process information is...
Causes of Similarity-Dissimilarity Effect01:26

Causes of Similarity-Dissimilarity Effect

The similarity-dissimilarity effect, a fundamental concept in social psychology, explains how interpersonal similarities and differences influence attraction and social interactions. This effect is supported by three key psychological perspectives: balance theory, social comparison theory, and consensual validation.Balance Theory and Cognitive ConsistencyBalance theory, developed by Fritz Heider, posits that individuals seek cognitive consistency in their relationships. When two people share...
Cognitive Learning01:21

Cognitive Learning

Cognitive learning is based on purposive behavior, incidental learning, and insight learning.
E. C. Tolman's theory of purposive behavior emphasizes that much behavior is goal-directed. He argued that to understand behavior, we must look at the entire sequence of actions leading to a goal. For instance, high school students study hard, not just due to past reinforcement but also to achieve the goal of getting into a good college.
Tolman introduced the idea that behavior is influenced by...
Cognition and Behavior01:23

Cognition and Behavior

Social psychology examines the complex interplay between individual mental processes and social interactions. Historically, the field was divided into two domains: social behavior and social cognition. Researchers focusing on social behavior analyzed actions within social contexts, such as conformity, aggression, or cooperation. Meanwhile, social cognition researchers investigated how people perceive, interpret, and mentally represent their social environments. However, modern perspectives no...
Multiple Comparison Tests01:13

Multiple Comparison Tests

Multiple comparison test, abbreviated as MCT, is a post hoc analysis generally performed after comparing multiple samples with one or more tests. An MCT will help identify a significantly different sample among multiple samples or a factor among multiple factors.
It would be easy to compare two samples using a significance alpha level of 0.05. In other words, there is only one sample pair to be compared. However, it would be difficult to identify a significantly different sample if the number...

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Using a Comparative Species Approach to Investigate the Neurobiology of Paternal Responses
07:59

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Published on: September 19, 2011

What is comparable in comparative cognition?

Lars Chittka1, Stephen J Rossiter, Peter Skorupski

  • 1Biological and Experimental Psychology Group, School of Biological and Chemical Sciences, Queen Mary University of London, London E1 4NS, UK. l.chittka@qmul.ac.uk

Philosophical Transactions of the Royal Society of London. Series B, Biological Sciences
|August 29, 2012
PubMed
Summary
This summary is machine-generated.

Understanding cognitive evolution requires examining diverse neural mechanisms and genetic underpinnings. Minor genetic changes can drive significant cognitive shifts, highlighting convergent evolution in behavior.

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Area of Science:

  • Neuroscience
  • Evolutionary Biology
  • Cognitive Science

Background:

  • Comparing cognitive capacities across species is crucial for evolutionary studies.
  • Cognitive functions can be implemented by diverse neural-computational mechanisms.
  • A many-to-one mapping may exist between behavior, computation, and neural implementation.

Purpose of the Study:

  • To understand the diversity of neural-computational mechanisms underlying cognition.
  • To identify genetic changes mediating cognitive function evolution.
  • To explore the neural and genetic bases of cognitive variation.

Main Methods:

  • Complementing comparative behavioral research with bottom-up neurobiological and molecular-genetic analyses.
  • Investigating the impact of minor neural circuitry differences on cognitive functions.
  • Considering convergent or parallel evolution of cognitive traits.

Main Results:

  • The same cognitive capacity can arise from different neural circuitries across species.
  • Minor alterations in neural circuitry can lead to substantial shifts in cognitive abilities.
  • Hereditary variation in cognitive traits within species can be extensive.

Conclusions:

  • Understanding cognitive evolution necessitates integrating behavioral, neural, and genetic approaches.
  • Convergent evolution plays a significant role in shaping cognitive traits.
  • Selection experiments can reveal the pace of cognitive adaptation.