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Updated: May 19, 2026

Histology Basics and Cell Death Detection in Honeybee Tissue
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Pathogen webs in collapsing honey bee colonies.

R Scott Cornman1, David R Tarpy, Yanping Chen

  • 1Bee Research Laboratory, Agricultural Research Service, United States Department of Agriculture, Beltsville, Maryland, United States of America.

Plos One
|August 29, 2012
PubMed
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Colony Collapse Disorder (CCD) in honey bees is linked to a higher incidence and abundance of pathogens. Pathogen interactions and novel virus strains may contribute to rapid worker depletion in affected bee colonies.

Area of Science:

  • Apiculture and Pollinator Health
  • Insect Pathology
  • Microbial Ecology

Background:

  • Honey bee colonies are experiencing unprecedented losses, with Colony Collapse Disorder (CCD) presenting unique challenges.
  • The role of known and novel pathogens in honey bee health and colony decline remains a critical area of investigation.
  • Understanding pathogen interactions is crucial for addressing the complex factors contributing to honey bee losses.

Purpose of the Study:

  • To investigate the incidence and abundance of known honey bee pathogens in colonies affected by CCD, weak colonies, and strong colonies.
  • To explore the potential synergistic effects of co-infections and pathogen interactions in CCD.
  • To characterize microbial diversity, including novel viral strains and gut bacterial composition, in CCD and non-CCD hives.

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Preparation of Virus-Enriched Inoculum for Oral Infection of Honey Bees (Apis mellifera)
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Empirical, Metagenomic, and Computational Techniques Illuminate the Mechanisms by which Fungicides Compromise Bee Health
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Empirical, Metagenomic, and Computational Techniques Illuminate the Mechanisms by which Fungicides Compromise Bee Health

Published on: October 9, 2017

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Last Updated: May 19, 2026

Histology Basics and Cell Death Detection in Honeybee Tissue
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Published on: July 7, 2022

Preparation of Virus-Enriched Inoculum for Oral Infection of Honey Bees (Apis mellifera)
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Empirical, Metagenomic, and Computational Techniques Illuminate the Mechanisms by which Fungicides Compromise Bee Health
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Empirical, Metagenomic, and Computational Techniques Illuminate the Mechanisms by which Fungicides Compromise Bee Health

Published on: October 9, 2017

Main Methods:

  • Pathogen screening in honey bee colonies across the United States (CCD, weak, and strong).
  • Analysis of pathogen load covariation within colonies.
  • Deep RNA sequencing to identify novel viruses and assess gut bacterial composition.

Main Results:

  • Pathogen incidence and abundance were significantly higher in CCD colonies compared to control colonies.
  • Pathogen loads were highly covariant in CCD colonies, suggesting synergistic effects or increased susceptibility.
  • Novel strains of Lake Sinai viruses (LSV) were identified, and a shift in gut bacterial composition was observed in CCD hives.

Conclusions:

  • Pathogen interactions and co-infections play a significant role in the rapid depletion of workers observed in Colony Collapse Disorder.
  • Novel viral strains and altered gut microbiota may serve as biomarkers for CCD.
  • Further research into host-parasite interactions and environmental stressors is essential for honey bee health.