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Related Concept Videos

Development of the Lymphatic System01:15

Development of the Lymphatic System

The development of lymphatic tissues and vessels in embryonic life begins around the fifth week. These structures originate from the mesoderm layer, with lymph sacs emerging from developing veins.
The first lymph sacs to form are the paired jugular lymph sacs located at the junction of the internal jugular and subclavian veins. From these sacs, lymphatic capillary plexuses extend to the thorax, upper limbs, neck, and head, eventually forming lymphatic vessels. Each jugular lymph sac maintains a...
Arteries of the Upper Limbs01:12

Arteries of the Upper Limbs

The subclavian artery transitions into the axillary artery as it exits the chest and enters the axillary region. This artery is critical for supplying blood to the shoulder area, including the head of the humerus, through the humeral circumflex arteries. As the vessel continues into the upper arm or brachium, it becomes the brachial artery. This artery plays a key role in vascularizing the brachial region and bifurcates at the elbow into several branches. These branches include the deep...
Assessment of the Cardiovascular System III: Palpation01:27

Assessment of the Cardiovascular System III: Palpation

Palpation involves feeling the body to evaluate texture, size, consistency, and tenderness for assessing cardiovascular health. The following steps are organized in a head-to-toe order:
Jugular Venous Pressure (JVP) Measurement
Position the patient at a thirty- to forty-five-degree angle or in a semi-fowler's position. Look for the highest point of pulsation in the internal jugular vein and measure the vertical distance to the angle of Loius or sternal angle. A normal JVP is 3-4 cm above the...
Lymphatic Vessels and Lymph Transport01:16

Lymphatic Vessels and Lymph Transport

Lymphatic vessels, known as lymphatics, are crucial in transporting lymph from peripheral tissues to our venous system. This process begins with lymph entering through tiny capillaries that branch through tissues. These capillaries have unique features such as larger diameters, thinner walls, and a distinctive one-way valve system formed by overlapping endothelial cells.
This one-way system allows fluids, solutes, and even pathogens to enter but prevents their return to the intercellular spaces.
Secondary Lymphoid Organs01:15

Secondary Lymphoid Organs

Secondary organs, including lymph nodes, the spleen, and mucosa-associated lymphoid tissue (MALT), work harmoniously to protect us from disease and infection.
The spleen is a vital organ in the lymphatic system, nestled in the upper left side of the abdomen. It is composed of two primary regions: the red pulp and the white pulp, each having distinct functions. The red pulp performs a significant role in blood filtration. It efficiently purges the blood of old or damaged red blood cells and...
Primary Lymphoid Organs01:16

Primary Lymphoid Organs

Primary lymphoid organs are pivotal in the formation, development, and maturation of lymphocytes, the white blood cells that serve as the backbone of our immune system. This crucial function underscores their fundamental role in maintaining our overall health and immunity. The two primary lymphoid organs of prime importance are the red bone marrow and the thymus.
The red bone marrow is a soft, spongy tissue nestled in the interior of long bones such as the humerus and femur. It is the site...

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Updated: May 19, 2026

Isolation of Human Lymphatic Endothelial Cells by Multi-parameter Fluorescence-activated Cell Sorting
07:36

Isolation of Human Lymphatic Endothelial Cells by Multi-parameter Fluorescence-activated Cell Sorting

Published on: May 1, 2015

Primary upper-limb lymphoedema.

S Vignes1, M Arrault, A Yannoutsos

  • 1Department of Lymphology, Centre National de Référence des Maladies Vasculaires Rares (lymphœdèmes primaires), Hôpital Cognacq-Jay, 75015 Paris, France. stephane.vignes@cognacq-jay.fr

The British Journal of Dermatology
|August 30, 2012
PubMed
Summary
This summary is machine-generated.

Primary upper-limb lymphoedema (ULL) typically develops later in life and affects the hand. Most patients experience stable lymphoedema volume, with rare infectious complications.

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Area of Science:

  • Medical research
  • Clinical diagnostics
  • Lymphology

Background:

  • Lymphoedema is a chronic condition characterized by fluid accumulation.
  • It can be primary (congenital) or secondary (often post-cancer treatment).
  • Primary upper-limb lymphoedema (ULL) requires specific clinical understanding.

Purpose of the Study:

  • To investigate the clinical features of primary ULL.
  • To analyze lymphoscintigraphic findings in patients with ULL.
  • To characterize the long-term progression and complications of primary ULL.

Main Methods:

  • Retrospective analysis of 60 patients with ULL.
  • Clinical data collection including age of onset, affected areas, and complications.
  • Lymphoscintigraphy performed on 46 patients to assess lymphatic drainage.

Main Results:

  • Primary ULL onset averaged 38.5 years, predominantly unilateral and affecting the hand.
  • Lymphoscintigraphy showed diminished or absent axillary lymph node uptake in most cases.
  • Epitrochlear node visualization suggested lymphatic system rerouting in a significant proportion of patients.

Conclusions:

  • Primary ULL presents later in life than lower-limb lymphoedema (LLL).
  • Infectious complications like cellulitis are infrequent.
  • The majority of patients report stable lymphoedema volume over time.