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Related Experiment Video

Updated: May 19, 2026

Online Transcranial Magnetic Stimulation Protocol for Measuring Cortical Physiology Associated with Response Inhibition
08:55

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Published on: February 8, 2018

Is 1 Hz rTMS Always Inhibitory in Healthy Individuals?

Ec Caparelli1, W Backus, F Telang

  • 1SCAN Center, Stony Brook University, Stony Brook, NY, USA.

The Open Neuroimaging Journal
|August 30, 2012
PubMed
Summary

One Hertz repetitive transcranial magnetic stimulation (rTMS) may not always be inhibitory. Brain imaging revealed altered activation patterns, not global reduction, suggesting rTMS effects vary individually.

Keywords:
TMS-functional magnetic resonance imagingphosphene threshold.

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Area of Science:

  • Neuroscience
  • Cognitive Science
  • Brain Stimulation

Background:

  • 1 Hz repetitive transcranial magnetic stimulation (rTMS) is typically considered inhibitory.
  • Its precise mechanisms and involved brain structures remain unclear.
  • rTMS is thought to suppress motor or visual cortex excitability.

Purpose of the Study:

  • To investigate brain function changes after 1 Hz rTMS using simultaneous TMS-fMRI.
  • To map alterations in cortical excitability and activation patterns.
  • To explore individual differences in rTMS effects based on phosphene perception.

Main Methods:

  • Simultaneous TMS-fMRI was conducted before and after 15 minutes of 1 Hz rTMS.
  • rTMS was applied to the occipital area in healthy volunteers.
  • Participants were divided into two groups: those who perceive phosphenes and those who do not.

Main Results:

  • The phosphene perception group showed increased phosphene threshold (PT), indicating inhibition.
  • This group did not exhibit a global reduction in brain activation post-rTMS; instead, activation patterns changed.
  • The non-phosphene group showed minimal changes in brain activation, suggesting non-uniform inhibitory effects.

Conclusions:

  • The inhibitory effect of 1 Hz rTMS may not be universal.
  • Observed changes in brain activation patterns differ between individuals.
  • The traditional inhibitory/excitatory dichotomy of rTMS may require revision.