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Updated: May 19, 2026

Enactive Phenomenological Approach to the Trier Social Stress Test: A Mixed Methods Point of View
Published on: January 7, 2019
Advantages of stress process approaches for measuring historical trauma
Melissa L Walls1, Les B Whitbeck
1Department of Biobehavioral Health & Population Sciences, University of Minnesota Medical School-Duluth , Duluth, MN 55812-3031, USA. mlwalls@d.umn.edu
Abstract:
Despite growing attention to historical trauma (HT) as a key mechanism for documented Indigenous health disparities like alcohol abuse, the complexities of conceptualizing and measuring HT-related constructs have limited empirical tests of these relationships. In this article, we review the current evidence surrounding one HT measure: the Historical Loss Scale. In addition, we provide examples of the benefits of treating historical cultural losses as stressors within sociological and Indigenous stress process models of health.
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