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Colloidal precipitates

Colloidal precipitates

The high insolubility of some precipitates can result in an unfavorable relative supersaturation. This can lead to colloidal particles with a large surface-to-mass ratio, where adsorption is promoted. For instance, in the precipitation of silver chloride, silver ions are adsorbed on the surface of the colloidal particles, forming a primary layer. This layer attracts ions of opposite charge (such as nitrate ions), forming a diffuse secondary layer of adsorbed ions. This electric double layer...

Precipitation Processes

Precipitation Processes

The experimental conditions in a gravimetric analysis should be optimized to maximize the particle size and purity of the obtained precipitate. Ideally, the concentration of the precipitating reagent should be low with effective stirring to maintain low relative supersaturation for the growth of large crystals. In homogeneous precipitation, the precipitant is slowly generated by a chemical reaction in the solution to avoid local reagent excesses. For example, urea decomposes gradually to...

Types of Coprecipitation

Types of Coprecipitation

Coprecipitation is the contamination of a precipitate by otherwise soluble species and occurs via different processes. In colloidal precipitates, coprecipitation occurs via surface adsorption. For instance, barium sulfate has a primary layer of adsorbed barium ions and a secondary layer of nitrate counterions. This results in contamination of the precipitate by barium nitrate.
Sometimes, ions in a crystal lattice can undergo isomorphous replacement by inclusions of similar charge and size. For...

Recrystallization: Solid–Solution Equilibria

Recrystallization: Solid–Solution Equilibria

Recrystallization is a purification technique used to separate impurities from solid compounds. In this technique, no chemical reactions occur. Instead, it exploits physical properties only, specifically, the solubility differences between the desired compound and impurities, either at a single temperature or at different temperatures, and under other selected conditions. The solid-solution equilibrium (solubility equilibrium) of each component in the solution represents a binary phase...

The Colloidal State

The Colloidal State

The formation of a colloidal system is exemplified by an aqueous solution containing Cl− ions is introduced to another containing Ag+ ions, resulting in the precipitation of solid AgCl as extremely tiny crystals. Instead of settling out as a filterable precipitate, these crystals remain suspended in the liquid, showcasing a colloidal system.A colloidal system involves colloidal particles within the approximate range of 1 to 1000 nm in at least one dimension, dispersed in a medium called the...

Crystal Growth: Principles of Crystallization

Crystal Growth: Principles of Crystallization

Crystallization is a phase transformation process in which crystals are precipitated from a supersaturated solution or formed from other sources. During crystallization, atoms or molecules arrange themselves into a well-defined, rigid crystal lattice to minimize energy.
Initiating crystallization involves manipulating the concentration of the solute and the temperature of the solution. Since crystal growth occurs when the ratio of concentration and solubility of the solute in the solvent – the...

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Related Experiment Video

Updated: May 19, 2026

Ice Generation and the Heat and Mass Transfer Phenomena of Introducing Water to a Cold Bath of Brine

Ice Generation and the Heat and Mass Transfer Phenomena of Introducing Water to a Cold Bath of Brine

Published on: March 13, 2017

Ice nucleation by particles immersed in supercooled cloud droplets.

B J Murray¹, D O'Sullivan, J D Atkinson

¹School of Earth and Environment, University of Leeds, Leeds, LS2 9JT, UK. b.j.murray@leeds.ac.uk

Chemical Society Reviews

|August 31, 2012

Summary

Atmospheric ice formation impacts clouds and climate. This study quantifies ice nucleation by aerosols like mineral dust and soot below -15°C, and biological particles above it, highlighting knowledge gaps.

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Fabrication of Superhydrophobic Metal Surfaces for Anti-Icing Applications

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Last Updated: May 19, 2026

Ice Generation and the Heat and Mass Transfer Phenomena of Introducing Water to a Cold Bath of Brine

Ice Generation and the Heat and Mass Transfer Phenomena of Introducing Water to a Cold Bath of Brine

Published on: March 13, 2017

The Use of High-resolution Infrared Thermography (HRIT) for the Study of Ice Nucleation and Ice Propagation in Plants

The Use of High-resolution Infrared Thermography (HRIT) for the Study of Ice Nucleation and Ice Propagation in Plants

Published on: May 8, 2015

Fabrication of Superhydrophobic Metal Surfaces for Anti-Icing Applications

Fabrication of Superhydrophobic Metal Surfaces for Anti-Icing Applications

Published on: August 15, 2018

Area of Science:

Atmospheric science
Cloud physics
Climate science

Background:

Ice formation in clouds significantly influences Earth's climate.
Current understanding of atmospheric ice nucleation is insufficient for climate assessments.
Quantitative data on ice nucleation by various aerosol types is lacking.

Purpose of the Study:

To review and assess quantitative knowledge of ice nucleation by immersed particles.
To compare the ice-nucleating abilities of different atmospheric aerosol species.
To estimate the relative importance of various aerosols in atmospheric ice formation.

Main Methods:

Review of existing quantitative data on ice nucleation.
Introduction of methods for describing ice nucleation (singular approximation).
Estimation of aerosol importance using the singular approximation and atmospheric loadings.

Main Results:

Ice nucleation below -15°C is primarily driven by soot and mineral dusts.
Above -15°C, only biological particles are known ice nucleators with quantitative data.
Significant data gaps exist for many aerosol types, especially at warmer temperatures.

Conclusions:

Soot and mineral dust are key ice nucleators at colder temperatures.
Biological particles play a crucial role at warmer supercooled temperatures.
Further research is needed to address knowledge gaps in atmospheric ice nucleation.