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Related Concept Videos

Hepatitis01:25

Hepatitis

Hepatitis is an inflammatory condition of the liver most commonly caused by hepatotropic viruses (A–E), though non-infectious causes such as alcohol and drugs also exist.Hepatitis AHepatitis A virus (HAV) is a non-enveloped RNA virus of the Picornaviridae family. It is primarily transmitted via the fecal-oral route, typically through ingestion of contaminated food or water. After ingestion, HAV enters the bloodstream through the oropharynx or intestinal epithelium and reaches the liver. The...
Viral Hepatitis I: Introduction01:28

Viral Hepatitis I: Introduction

Viral hepatitis is an inflammatory condition of the liver caused by infection with hepatotropic viruses, most commonly hepatitis A, B, C, D, and E. Despite variations in structure and transmission, all viruses mentioned infect hepatocytes and provoke immune responses that can hinder liver function. Additionally, some non-hepatotropic viruses can also lead to hepatic inflammation.Hepatitis A VirusHepatitis A virus (HAV) is transmitted through the fecal–oral route, typically by ingestion of food...
Cirrhosis I: Introduction01:23

Cirrhosis I: Introduction

Cirrhosis is a chronic, irreversible liver disease characterized by the widespread replacement of healthy liver tissue with fibrotic scar tissue and the formation of regenerative nodules.Etiology of cirrhosisCirrhosis results from sustained liver injury that triggers progressive fibrosis and structural remodeling. The underlying causes are diverse, encompassing common and less frequent clinical conditions. Regardless of the origin, all causes lead to chronic inflammation, hepatocyte loss, and...
Diseases of the Liver and Gallbladder01:26

Diseases of the Liver and Gallbladder

Liver and gallbladder diseases are a significant health concern, with prominent conditions including cirrhosis, hepatitis, non-alcoholic fatty liver disease (NAFLD), and gallstones. Jaundice is a common manifestation of liver and biliary disease.
Cirrhosis is characterized by the scarring of hepatic lobules in the liver, which are replaced by fibrous tissue, affecting the liver's normal functioning. NAFLD, on the other hand, is caused by an excessive build-up of fat in the liver, not related to...
Type I Diabetes III: Clinical Manifestations01:19

Type I Diabetes III: Clinical Manifestations

Type 1 diabetes mellitus typically presents with rapid-onset symptoms due to the body’s inability to utilize glucose in the absence of insulin. Since insulin is required for glucose uptake into cells, its deficiency leads to hyperglycemia and cellular energy deprivation, resulting in characteristic clinical features.Polyuria and PolydipsiaOne of the earliest, most prominent symptoms is polyuria (excessive urination). When blood glucose concentrations rise above the renal threshold, the kidneys...
Endocarditis II: Clinical Features of Infective Endocarditis01:25

Endocarditis II: Clinical Features of Infective Endocarditis

Endocarditis can present various clinical features depending on the causative organism and the patient's underlying health conditions. Initially, the clinical features of infective endocarditis develop gradually, presenting with nonspecific symptoms that can be easily mistaken for other illnesses.General SymptomsEarly symptoms of infective endocarditis are fever, chills, weakness, malaise, fatigue, and weight loss. These symptoms reflect the systemic nature of the infection and the body's...

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Clinical features of hepatitis D.

Patrizia Farci1, Grazia Anna Niro

  • 1Hepatic Pathogenesis Section, Laboratory of Infectious Diseases, National Institute of Allergy and Infectious Diseases, National Institutes of Health, Bethesda, MD 20892, USA. pfarci@niaid.nih.gov

Seminars in Liver Disease
|August 31, 2012
PubMed
Summary

Hepatitis D virus (HDV) requires hepatitis B virus (HBV) for transmission. Superinfection leads to chronic hepatitis D in over 90% of cases, causing severe liver disease.

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Area of Science:

  • Hepatology
  • Virology
  • Immunology

Background:

  • Hepatitis D virus (HDV) is a defective RNA virus dependent on hepatitis B virus (HBV) for replication and transmission.
  • HDV infection occurs as either coinfection with HBV or superinfection of an existing HBV carrier.
  • The clinical presentation and outcomes of HDV infection vary significantly based on the mode of acquisition.

Purpose of the Study:

  • To summarize the epidemiology, clinical manifestations, and management challenges of Hepatitis D.
  • To highlight the impact of HBV vaccination on HDV incidence and the potential for resurgence due to immigration.
  • To discuss the complex interactions between HDV, HBV, and other viruses like HIV.

Main Methods:

  • Review of existing literature on HDV epidemiology and clinical outcomes.
  • Analysis of the impact of HBV vaccination programs on HDV prevalence.
  • Discussion of viral interactions and their influence on disease progression.

Main Results:

  • Coinfection with HBV and HDV leads to chronic infection in only 2% of cases.
  • Superinfection of HBV carriers with HDV results in chronic infection in over 90% of cases.
  • HDV infection is associated with severe hepatitis, rapid progression to cirrhosis (70-80%), and increased risk of hepatocellular carcinoma, especially with co-infections.

Conclusions:

  • Hepatitis D remains a significant public health concern, despite declining incidence in some regions due to HBV vaccination.
  • Immigration poses a risk for HDV resurgence in previously low-prevalence areas.
  • Continued efforts in prevention and treatment are crucial for managing Hepatitis D effectively.