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Related Concept Videos

Autoimmune Disorders01:29

Autoimmune Disorders

Autoimmune diseases are a group of disorders in which the body's immune system mistakenly attacks its own cells, tissues, and organs. This results from an overactive immune response against substances and tissues normally present in the body. Let's delve into the concept and mechanism of autoimmune diseases from an immune system point of view, explore different causes and examples of such diseases, and discuss potential solutions.
Concept and Mechanism of Autoimmune Diseases
The immune system...
Type I Diabetes II: Pathophysiology01:26

Type I Diabetes II: Pathophysiology

Type 1 diabetes mellitus arises from an immune-mediated destruction of pancreatic β-cells, resulting in an absolute deficiency of insulin. This process develops in genetically susceptible individuals when autoimmunity, environmental exposures, and immunologic dysregulation converge to trigger a targeted attack on the insulin-producing cells of the pancreas. The β-cells are located within the islets of Langerhans and are essential for regulating blood glucose by facilitating cellular uptake of...
What is the Immune System?01:38

What is the Immune System?

Overview
Type I Diabetes I: Introduction01:12

Type I Diabetes I: Introduction

Type 1 diabetes mellitus is a chronic metabolic disorder characterized by an absolute deficiency of insulin resulting from the autoimmune destruction of pancreatic β-cells. Although it can occur at any age, it is most commonly diagnosed in childhood, adolescence, or early adulthood. The loss of insulin production impairs cellular glucose uptake, resulting in persistent hyperglycemia and necessitating lifelong insulin therapy.Autoimmune Destruction of β-CellsThe hallmark of type 1 diabetes is an...
Gastritis-II: Pathophysiology01:17

Gastritis-II: Pathophysiology

Gastritis is marked by disruption of the mucosal barrier that usually protects the stomach tissue from digestive juices and manifests in acute and chronic forms.
In acute gastritis, the gastric mucosa becomes swollen and red and undergoes superficial erosion. Superficial ulceration may lead to bleeding.
In chronic gastritis, persistent or repeated insults lead to chronic inflammatory changes and, eventually, thinning or atrophy of the gastric tissue.
Gastritis can stem from various causes, each...
Graves Disease II: Pathophysiology01:24

Graves Disease II: Pathophysiology

Graves’ disease is an autoimmune disorder characterized by the production of thyroid-stimulating immunoglobulins (TSI) that activate TSH receptors, leading to excessive synthesis and release of thyroid hormones (T3 and T4) and resulting in hyperthyroidism.Among all causes of hyperthyroidism, Graves’ disease is the most common and can happen at any age, though it is more frequent in women. It produces a hypermetabolic state with features such as weight loss, tachycardia, tremor, and heat...

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Related Experiment Video

Updated: May 19, 2026

Generation of Two-color Antigen Microarrays for the Simultaneous Detection of IgG and IgM Autoantibodies
10:16

Generation of Two-color Antigen Microarrays for the Simultaneous Detection of IgG and IgM Autoantibodies

Published on: September 15, 2016

Pathogenesis and spectrum of autoimmunity.

Andras Perl1

  • 1Department of Medicine, State University of New York, Upstate Medical University, College of Medicine, Syracuse, NY, USA. perla@upstate.edu

Methods in Molecular Biology (Clifton, N.J.)
|August 31, 2012
PubMed
Summary

The immune system distinguishes foreign from self-antigens to protect the host. Autoimmunity arises from a breakdown in self-tolerance mechanisms, involving genetic and environmental factors.

Area of Science:

  • Immunology
  • Autoimmunity Research

Background:

  • The immune system's primary role is to identify and eliminate foreign antigens while maintaining tolerance to self-antigens.
  • Immune tolerance is crucial for preventing harmful reactions to the body's own tissues.
  • Mechanisms of central and peripheral tolerance eliminate or suppress autoreactive B and T cells.

Purpose of the Study:

  • To elucidate the fundamental mechanisms of immune tolerance.
  • To understand how the breakdown of tolerance leads to autoimmunity.
  • To explore the interplay of genetic and environmental factors in autoimmune diseases.

Main Methods:

  • Review of immune system maturation and self-recognition processes.
  • Analysis of central and peripheral tolerance mechanisms, including apoptosis and regulatory T cells.

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Generation of a Mouse Spontaneous Autoimmune Thyroiditis Model
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Generation of a Mouse Spontaneous Autoimmune Thyroiditis Model

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Last Updated: May 19, 2026

Generation of Two-color Antigen Microarrays for the Simultaneous Detection of IgG and IgM Autoantibodies
10:16

Generation of Two-color Antigen Microarrays for the Simultaneous Detection of IgG and IgM Autoantibodies

Published on: September 15, 2016

Single-cell Analysis of Immunophenotype and Cytokine Production in Peripheral Whole Blood via Mass Cytometry
12:36

Single-cell Analysis of Immunophenotype and Cytokine Production in Peripheral Whole Blood via Mass Cytometry

Published on: June 26, 2018

Generation of a Mouse Spontaneous Autoimmune Thyroiditis Model
04:39

Generation of a Mouse Spontaneous Autoimmune Thyroiditis Model

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  • Investigation of factors contributing to the survival of autoreactive cells, such as molecular mimicry.

    • Main Results:

    • Autoreactive cells are normally eliminated during immune system development.
    • Failure of these tolerance mechanisms, including apoptosis or regulatory T cell suppression, can lead to autoimmunity.
    • Molecular mimicry and aberrant lymphokine production are identified as potential pathways for autoreactive cell survival.

    Conclusions:

    • Autoimmunity results from a failure in one or more fundamental immune tolerance mechanisms.
    • Genetic and environmental factors contribute to the loss of self-tolerance.
    • Understanding these breakdowns is key to addressing autoimmune conditions.