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Related Concept Videos

Stages of Infection01:26

Stages of Infection

Stages of infection describe what happens to a susceptible host once a pathogen invades the human body. The stages of infection are incubation, prodromal, illness, stage of decline, and convalescence. The incubation stage is the period from exposure to a pathogen until symptoms start. The infected person is unaware of impending illness as the pathogens grow and multiply within the body. The duration may vary depending on the type of infection. The incubation period of measles averages ten to...
Infection01:20

Infection

When a pathogen enters the body and reproduces, it can cause an infection, damage body cells, and cause illness symptoms that eventually lead to disease. Therefore, its prevention requires breaking the chain of infection.
The chain begins with pathogens: bacteria, viruses, fungi, prions, or parasites such as protozoa helminths. These can be present on the skin as transient or resident flora, or they can be acquired from the environment. Identifying and treating the type of infection and...
Bacterial Gastroenteritis01:18

Bacterial Gastroenteritis

Bacterial gastroenteritis, characterized by diarrhea, abdominal cramps, and vomiting, is often caused by ingestion of contaminated food or water and is frequently associated with pathogenic Escherichia coli strains. These microbes exploit two principal mechanisms to inflict disease.Shiga toxin–producing E. coli, also referred to as STEC—notably O157:H7—release Shiga toxins that target ribosomes, blocking protein synthesis. The B subunit of the toxin binds the host glycolipid receptor...
Colonisation of Pathogens01:25

Colonisation of Pathogens

Pathogen colonization of host tissues is a critical step in the development of infectious diseases. Various pathogenic microorganisms, including bacteria, fungi, viruses, and protozoa, have evolved complex strategies to attach to, invade, and persist within host environments. These mechanisms enable pathogens to establish infections, evade immune responses, and resist antimicrobial treatments.Attachment to Host CellsIn bacteria, colonization typically begins with adherence to host epithelial...
Reservoir of Infection01:30

Reservoir of Infection

Infectious diseases arise from intricate interactions between pathogens and their reservoirs. A reservoir of infection refers to the natural habitat where a pathogen lives, grows, and multiplies, serving as a continual source of infection. Reservoirs are broadly classified as either living or nonliving, and each plays a unique role in disease transmission, significantly influencing public health interventions and control strategies.Humans act as reservoirs for a wide array of pathogens,...
Lysogenic Cycle of Bacteriophages00:43

Lysogenic Cycle of Bacteriophages

In contrast to the lytic cycle, phages infecting bacteria via the lysogenic cycle do not immediately kill their host cell. Instead, they combine their genome with the host genome, allowing the bacteria to replicate the phage DNA along with the bacterial genome. The incorporated copy of the phage genome is called the prophage. Some prophages can re-activate and enter the lytic cycle. This often occurs in response to a perturbation, such as DNA damage, but can also transpire in the absence of...

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Related Experiment Video

Updated: May 19, 2026

Adapting Gastrointestinal Organoids for Pathogen Infection and Single Cell Sequencing under Biosafety Level 3 (BSL-3) Conditions
07:59

Adapting Gastrointestinal Organoids for Pathogen Infection and Single Cell Sequencing under Biosafety Level 3 (BSL-3) Conditions

Published on: September 10, 2021

Enteric pathogens through life stages.

Glynis Kolling1, Martin Wu, Richard L Guerrant

  • 1Department of Internal Medicine, Division of Infectious Diseases and International Health, Center for Global Health, University of Virginia Charlottesville, VA, USA.

Frontiers in Cellular and Infection Microbiology
|September 1, 2012
PubMed
Summary
This summary is machine-generated.

Enteric infections disproportionately affect infants and the elderly. Understanding the interplay between gut microbiota, immune responses, and aging is key to controlling these diseases and improving health outcomes.

Keywords:
age distributiondiarrheaenteric pathogenintestinal microbiotamalnutrition

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Non-Invasive Model of Neuropathogenic Escherichia coli Infection in the Neonatal Rat
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Non-Invasive Model of Neuropathogenic Escherichia coli Infection in the Neonatal Rat

Published on: October 29, 2014

Area of Science:

  • Microbiology
  • Immunology
  • Gastroenterology

Background:

  • Enteric infections and diarrheal diseases are global health burdens, particularly impacting the very young and the elderly.
  • Pathogen types and host factors, including gut microbiota and immune system changes, influence infection rates across different age groups.
  • Specific pathogens like Salmonella and rotavirus are common in early life, while Clostridium difficile infections increase with age.

Purpose of the Study:

  • To explore the age-dependent shifts in enteric infections and their underlying causes.
  • To investigate the role of host factors, such as gut microbial communities and immune responses, in modulating susceptibility to enteric pathogens.
  • To understand the interactions between gut microbiota and aging processes (inflamm-aging) for better disease control.

Main Methods:

  • Review of epidemiological data on enteric infections across the human lifespan.
  • Analysis of studies on gut microbiota composition changes with age and in disease states like IBD and IBS.
  • Examination of host immune responses (innate and acquired) in relation to age and infection susceptibility.

Main Results:

  • Enteric pathogen prevalence varies significantly across different life stages, with distinct patterns for different organisms.
  • Gut microbial structure undergoes dramatic shifts from infancy through elder years.
  • Host factors, including commensal microbes and immune status, play critical roles alongside pathogen differences in determining disease burden.

Conclusions:

  • Understanding the dynamic interplay of gut microbiota, immune function, and aging is crucial for developing effective strategies against enteric infections.
  • Age-related changes in the host and microbiome significantly influence susceptibility and outcomes of diarrheal diseases.
  • Further research into these interactions throughout the human life cycle can improve public health and reduce disability-adjusted life-years (DALYs).