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Related Concept Videos

Liquid–Solid Solutions01:29

Liquid–Solid Solutions

The process of a solid dissolving in a liquid to form a solution is governed by the solubility limit, which is the maximum amount of the solid substance, or solute, that can be dissolved in a specific volume of the liquid or solvent. As the solute dissolves, it reaches a point where no more solute can be dissolved at a given temperature - this is known as the saturation point. However, if further solute is added and it manages to dissolve, the solution becomes supersaturated. Supersaturated...
Phase Transitions: Melting and Freezing02:39

Phase Transitions: Melting and Freezing

Heating a crystalline solid increases the average energy of its atoms, molecules, or ions, and the solid gets hotter. At some point, the added energy becomes large enough to partially overcome the forces holding the molecules or ions of the solid in their fixed positions, and the solid begins the process of transitioning to the liquid state or melting. At this point, the temperature of the solid stops rising, despite the continual input of heat, and it remains constant until all of the solid is...
Nonideal Two-Component Liquid Solutions01:29

Nonideal Two-Component Liquid Solutions

Nonideal liquid solutions, also known as real solutions, do not strictly follow Raoult's law. Raoult's law is a rule of thumb in physical chemistry. However, not all mixtures adhere to this law due to varying molecular interactions. For example, in an acetone/chloroform solution, the individual vapor pressures of the components are lower than expected, resulting in a total vapor pressure below that predicted by Raoult's law, causing a negative deviation.On the other hand, in an ethanol/water...
Two Components: Liquid–Liquid Systems01:27

Two Components: Liquid–Liquid Systems

A pressure-composition phase diagram explicitly describes the behavior of an ideal solution of two volatile liquids under varying pressures and compositions. A pressure-composition diagram has two main curves. The bubble point curve represents the plot of pressure versus liquid mole fraction. It indicates the pressure at which the first bubble of vapor forms from the liquid phase as the system pressure decreases.The dew point curve is the pressure versus vapor mole fraction. It indicates the...
Phase Transitions: Vaporization and Condensation02:39

Phase Transitions: Vaporization and Condensation

The physical form of a substance changes on changing its temperature. For example, raising the temperature of a liquid causes the liquid to vaporize (convert into vapor). The process is called vaporization—a surface phenomenon. Vaporization occurs when the thermal motion of the molecules overcome the intermolecular forces, and the molecules (at the surface) escape into the gaseous state. When a liquid vaporizes in a closed container, gas molecules cannot escape. As these gas phase molecules...
Phase Diagrams02:39

Phase Diagrams

A phase diagram combines plots of pressure versus temperature for the liquid-gas, solid-liquid, and solid-gas phase-transition equilibria of a substance. These diagrams indicate the physical states that exist under specific conditions of pressure and temperature and also provide the pressure dependence of the phase-transition temperatures (melting points, sublimation points, boiling points). Regions or areas labeled solid, liquid, and gas represent single phases, while lines or curves represent...

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Measuring the Densities of Aqueous Glasses at Cryogenic Temperatures
09:50

Measuring the Densities of Aqueous Glasses at Cryogenic Temperatures

Published on: June 28, 2017

Perspective: Supercooled liquids and glasses.

M D Ediger1, Peter Harrowell

  • 1Department of Chemistry, University of Wisconsin-Madison, Madison, Wisconsin 53706, USA.

The Journal of Chemical Physics
|September 4, 2012
PubMed
Summary
This summary is machine-generated.

Supercooled liquids and glasses are crucial for technology. This review explores their potential energy landscape, amorphous structure, and dynamics, highlighting recent advancements for new materials and applications.

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Area of Science:

  • Materials Science
  • Condensed Matter Physics
  • Physical Chemistry

Background:

  • Supercooled liquids and glasses are vital for numerous current and emerging technologies.
  • Understanding their properties is key to developing advanced materials.

Purpose of the Study:

  • To provide perspective on recent progress in the field of supercooled liquids and glasses.
  • To discuss the interpretation of their properties using the potential energy landscape framework.
  • To explore the interconnections between structure, dynamics, and material properties.

Main Methods:

  • Review and synthesis of recent research findings.
  • Analysis of the potential energy landscape in relation to material behavior.
  • Exploration of structure-dynamics relationships in amorphous materials.

Main Results:

  • Connections established between amorphous structure, high-frequency motions, molecular dynamics, and structural relaxation.
  • Insights into the stability against crystallization and resulting material properties.
  • Identification of recent developments with potential for new materials or applications.

Conclusions:

  • The potential energy landscape provides a unifying framework for understanding supercooled liquids and glasses.
  • Recent progress offers pathways to novel materials and technological applications.
  • Further research into amorphous materials promises significant technological impact.