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Bone Disorders

Bone Disorders

Aging and its effect on bone remodeling is the most common cause of bone disorders. In young and healthy people, bone deposition and resorption happen at an equal rate to maintain optimal bone health.
Bone deposition is also affected by the levels of sex hormones like estrogen and testosterone that promote osteoblast activity and bone matrix synthesis. When the level of these hormones decreases due to aging, it causes a reduction in bone deposition. As a result, bone resorption by osteoclasts...

The Functions of the Skeletal System

The Functions of the Skeletal System

The most apparent functions of the skeletal system are support, protection, and movement. However, bone tissue also performs several other critical metabolic functions. For one, the bone matrix acts as a reservoir for a number of minerals important to the functioning of the body, especially calcium and phosphorus. These minerals, present in the bone tissue, can be released back into the bloodstream when required. Calcium ions, for example, are essential for muscle contractions and controlling...

Osteoclasts in Bone Remodeling

Osteoclasts in Bone Remodeling

Osteoclasts are cells responsible for bone resorption and remodeling. They originate from hematopoietic progenitor cells present in the bone marrow. Numerous progenitor cells fuse to form multinucleated cells, each with 10-20 nuclei. A single osteoclast has a diameter of 150 to 200 µM. These cells have ruffled borders that break down the underlying bone tissue and release minerals such as calcium into the blood in bone resorption. Osteoclasts cling to bones with their ruffled edges during bone...

Role of Vitamins in Maintaining Bone Health

Role of Vitamins in Maintaining Bone Health

The growth and maintenance of bone are regulated by a combination of nutritional factors, including vitamins, such as vitamin A, B12, C, D, and K.
Vitamin A
Vitamin A is involved in the process of bone remodeling. Retinoic acid, the active metabolite of Vitamin A, has nuclear receptors in osteoblasts and osteoclasts, which are involved in bone remodeling.
Vitamin B12
Vitamin B12 acts as a cofactor during the formation of osteoblast-related proteins, such as osteocalcin. Vitamin B12 plays a role...

Bone Remodeling

Bone Remodeling

Bone remodeling is a continuous and balanced process of bone resorption by osteoclasts and bone formation by osteoblasts. In adults, it helps maintain bone mass and calcium homeostasis. While mechanical stress can stimulate turnover as part of the normal maintenance and reparative process, several hormones also regulate bone remodeling.

Essential Minerals for Bone Health

Essential Minerals for Bone Health

The minerals contained in all of the food we consume are essential for our organ systems. However, certain essential minerals, such as calcium, phosphorus, magnesium, manganese, and fluoride, largely affect bone health.
Calcium and Phosphorus
Calcium is a critical component of bones, especially in the form of calcium phosphate and calcium carbonate. Since the body cannot make calcium, it must be obtained from the diet. However, calcium cannot be absorbed from the small intestine without...

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Related Experiment Video

Updated: May 19, 2026

Standardized Histomorphometric Evaluation of Osteoarthritis in a Surgical Mouse Model

Standardized Histomorphometric Evaluation of Osteoarthritis in a Surgical Mouse Model

Published on: May 6, 2020

Osteoarthritis, osteoporosis, and exercise.

Deborah Garrison¹

¹Spectrum Healthcare Resources, Washington, DC, USA. deb.garrison@foh.hhs.gov

Workplace Health & Safety

|September 4, 2012

Summary

Older workers with osteoarthritis or osteoporosis benefit from safe exercise programs. Occupational health nurses should encourage physical activity to maintain function at home and work.

Area of Science:

Occupational Health
Geriatric Medicine
Musculoskeletal Health

Background:

The workforce is aging, increasing the prevalence of age-related musculoskeletal conditions.
Occupational health nurses frequently encounter workers with osteoarthritis and osteoporosis.
Maintaining functional capacity is crucial for older workers' independence and productivity.

Purpose of the Study:

To review recent literature on the benefits of exercise for workers with osteoarthritis or osteoporosis.
To inform occupational health nurses on promoting safe exercise interventions for aging workers.
To highlight the role of exercise in maintaining work and home functioning in affected individuals.

Main Methods:

Literature review of recent studies on exercise and osteoarthritis/osteoporosis in the working population.

Related Experiment Videos

Last Updated: May 19, 2026

Standardized Histomorphometric Evaluation of Osteoarthritis in a Surgical Mouse Model

Standardized Histomorphometric Evaluation of Osteoarthritis in a Surgical Mouse Model

Published on: May 6, 2020

Synthesis of evidence regarding exercise benefits, safety considerations, and functional outcomes.

Focus on applicability for occupational health nursing practice.

Main Results:

Exercise demonstrates significant benefits for managing osteoarthritis and osteoporosis symptoms in workers.
Safe exercise regimens can improve physical functioning, reduce pain, and enhance quality of life.
Evidence supports exercise as a key intervention for maintaining workers' ability to perform daily tasks at home and work.

Conclusions:

Occupational health nurses play a vital role in educating and encouraging safe exercise for aging workers with osteoarthritis or osteoporosis.
Promoting physical activity is essential for preserving functional independence and promoting workplace longevity.
Further research should focus on tailored exercise programs for diverse occupational settings and worker needs.