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Seizures: Classification

Seizures: Classification

Epilepsy is primarily characterized by unpredictable seizures, either provoked by an identifiable factor, such as injury or illness, or unprovoked, occurring spontaneously without apparent cause.
Seizures are typically classified into two main categories: focal and generalized seizures.
Focal Seizures
Focal seizures originate from specific regions of the brain. These seizures are further sub-classified into two types:

Seizures l: Introduction

Seizures l: Introduction

Understanding seizures and epilepsy relies on key definitions that help in recognizing, classifying, and managing these disorders. These definitions provide a framework for recognizing, classifying, and managing seizure disorders.DefinitionsA seizure is a sudden, abnormal burst of electrical activity in the brain that can cause changes in awareness, movement, sensation, or behavior, depending on the area involved. Epilepsy is a chronic condition characterized by recurrent, unprovoked seizures,...

Seizures ll: Types

Seizures ll: Types

Seizures are sudden bursts of abnormal electrical discharge in the brain that interfere with normal function. They are commonly divided into three groups: focal seizures, generalized seizures, and other types that do not fit neatly into either category.Focal SeizuresFocal seizures begin in a single brain region. When awareness is preserved, they are called focal aware seizures and may cause sensations such as tingling, unusual smells, or flashing lights. When awareness is impaired, they are...

Epilepsy ll: Types

Epilepsy ll: Types

Recurrent seizures, stemming from abnormal electrical activity in the brain, are the defining characteristic of epilepsy, a chronic neurological condition. Because seizure features vary greatly, epilepsy is classified using two systems: by seizure type and by epilepsy syndromes. These classifications enable clinicians to describe seizure patterns and select suitable treatment strategies.I. Classification by Seizure Type1. Focal EpilepsyFocal epilepsy begins in one hemisphere of the brain.

Epilepsy and Seizures: Overview

Epilepsy and Seizures: Overview

Epilepsy is a chronic neurological disease marked by recurrent, unpredictable seizures. These seizures are caused by abnormal electrical discharges in the brain, leading to behavior, sensation, or consciousness alterations. They can also cause transient impairment of awareness, interfering with daily activities.
Various factors can trigger epilepsy, including genetic factors, brain damage, metabolic causes, and unknown etiology. Diagnosis of epilepsy involves electroencephalography (EEG), which...

Antiepileptic Drugs: Glutamate Antagonists

Antiepileptic Drugs: Glutamate Antagonists

Glutamate is a fundamental neurotransmitter in the central nervous system, playing a vital role in neuronal communication and various cognitive processes. Glutamate stands as the principal excitatory neurotransmitter in the brain. Its presence is crucial for the communication between neurons, underpinning essential processes such as synaptic transmission, neuronal excitability, and plasticity. These functions are vital for higher-order cognitive processes, including learning and memory. The...

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Updated: May 19, 2026

Electromagnetic Source Imaging in Presurgical Evaluation of Children with Drug-Resistant Epilepsy

Electromagnetic Source Imaging in Presurgical Evaluation of Children with Drug-Resistant Epilepsy

Published on: September 20, 2024

Psychogenic nonepileptic seizures.

Peter Widdess-Walsh¹, Barbara Mostacci, Paolo Tinuper

¹Institute of Neurology and Neurosurgery, St. Barnabas, Livingston, NJ, USA. pwiddesswalsh@barnabashealth.org

Handbook of Clinical Neurology

|September 4, 2012

Summary

This summary is machine-generated.

Individualized treatment for psychogenic nonepileptic seizures (PNES) is crucial. Combining behavioral therapy with coping skill development and addressing secondary gains offers the most benefit for PNES management.

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Area of Science:

Neurology
Psychiatry
Behavioral Science

Background:

Psychogenic nonepileptic seizures (PNES) present complex management challenges.
Effective PNES treatment requires a multifaceted approach beyond symptom suppression.

Purpose of the Study:

To outline an individualized and comprehensive treatment strategy for PNES.
To emphasize the importance of skill-building and addressing secondary gains in PNES therapy.

Main Methods:

Review of current therapeutic strategies for PNES.
Focus on integrating behavioral interventions with psychosocial support.

Main Results:

Individualized treatment plans are superior for PNES management.
A combination of approaches, including coping skills and addressing secondary gains, yields the best outcomes.
Therapy re-evaluation is necessary if PNES persist.

Conclusions:

Optimal PNES treatment necessitates personalization and a holistic strategy.
Addressing maladaptive behaviors alongside developing new coping mechanisms is key.
Ongoing assessment and adaptation of therapy are vital for persistent PNES.