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Protein Kinases and Phosphatases02:54

Protein Kinases and Phosphatases

Proteins undergo chemical modifications that trigger changes in the charge, structure, and conformation of the proteins. Phosphorylation, acetylation, glycosylation, nitrosylation, ubiquitination, lipidation, methylation, and proteolysis are various protein modifications that regulate protein activity. Such modifications are usually enzyme-driven.
Protein kinases
Many proteins in the cell are regulated by phosphorylation, the addition of a phosphate group. A family of enzymes called kinases...
Protein Kinases and Phosphatases02:54

Protein Kinases and Phosphatases

Proteins undergo chemical modifications that trigger changes in the charge, structure, and conformation of the proteins. Phosphorylation, acetylation, glycosylation, nitrosylation, ubiquitination, lipidation, methylation, and proteolysis are various protein modifications that regulate protein activity. Such modifications are usually enzyme-driven.
Protein kinases
Many proteins in the cell are regulated by phosphorylation, the addition of a phosphate group. A family of enzymes called kinases...
cAMP-dependent Protein Kinase Pathways01:25

cAMP-dependent Protein Kinase Pathways

Cyclic Adenosine Monophosphate (cAMP) is an essential second messenger that activates protein kinase A (PKA) and regulates various biological processes. A single epinephrine molecule binds to GPCR and activates several heterotrimeric G proteins, each stimulating multiple adenylyl cyclase, amplifying the signal, and synthesizing large numbers of cAMP molecules. Small changes in cAMP concentration affect PKA activity. The binding of four cAMP molecules induces a conformational change in PKA,...
Glucose Homeostasis: Regulation of Blood Glucose01:02

Glucose Homeostasis: Regulation of Blood Glucose

Carbohydrates consumed through foods are converted into glucose, a crucial energy source for the body. In the prandial state, high blood glucose levels stimulate the secretion of insulin from the pancreas. Insulin inhibits hepatic glucose production and stimulates glucose uptake and metabolism by muscle and adipose tissue. The excess glucose is converted into glycogen and stored in the liver and muscles.
During fasting, when blood glucose levels are low, the pancreas secretes glucagon. it...
Phosphorylation01:02

Phosphorylation

The addition or removal of phosphate groups from proteins is the most common chemical modification that regulates cellular processes. These modifications can affect the structure, activity, stability, and localization of proteins within cells as well as their interactions with other proteins.
During phosphorylation, protein kinases transfer the terminal phosphate group of ATP to specific amino acid side chains of substrate proteins. Serine, threonine, and tyrosine are the most commonly...
Hormones Regulating Blood Glucose01:16

Hormones Regulating Blood Glucose

Insulin is released by beta cells of the pancreas when blood glucose levels are high. It facilitates glucose absorption and utilization in insulin-dependent cells with insulin receptors on their plasma membranes. Insulin promotes glucose uptake by increasing the number of glucose transport proteins in the cell membrane, allowing glucose to enter the cell. As a result, glucose utilization and ATP production are enhanced.
In addition to accelerating glucose uptake and utilization, insulin has...

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Related Experiment Video

Updated: May 19, 2026

Measurement of Insulin- and Contraction-Stimulated Glucose Uptake in Isolated and Incubated Mature Skeletal Muscle from Mice
08:01

Measurement of Insulin- and Contraction-Stimulated Glucose Uptake in Isolated and Incubated Mature Skeletal Muscle from Mice

Published on: May 16, 2021

Anchored phosphatases modulate glucose homeostasis.

Simon A Hinke1, Manuel F Navedo, Allison Ulman

  • 1Department of Pharmacology, Howard Hughes Medical Institute, University of Washington, Seattle, WA 98195, USA.

The EMBO Journal
|September 4, 2012
PubMed
Summary

Ablation of AKAP150 impairs insulin secretion but improves glucose handling. Tethering phosphatases via AKAP150 is key to metabolic regulation and insulin sensitivity.

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Last Updated: May 19, 2026

Measurement of Insulin- and Contraction-Stimulated Glucose Uptake in Isolated and Incubated Mature Skeletal Muscle from Mice
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08:04

Isolation of Primary Mouse Hepatocytes for Nascent Protein Synthesis Analysis by Non-radioactive L-azidohomoalanine Labeling Method

Published on: October 23, 2018

Area of Science:

  • Molecular biology
  • Endocrinology
  • Physiology

Background:

  • Insulin secretion from pancreatic beta-cells is crucial for glucose homeostasis.
  • This process involves complex signaling pathways including calcium (Ca2+) and cyclic adenosine monophosphate (cAMP).
  • The scaffolding protein AKAP150 plays a role in anchoring kinases and phosphatases involved in these pathways.

Purpose of the Study:

  • To investigate the role of AKAP150 in insulin secretion and glucose homeostasis.
  • To determine the specific molecular mechanisms by which AKAP150 influences metabolic phenotypes.
  • To elucidate the contribution of anchored phosphatases to beta-cell function and overall glucose regulation.

Main Methods:

  • Utilized whole-animal physiology studies in mice.
  • Performed islet studies and live-beta-cell imaging.
  • Generated and analyzed AKAP150 knock-in mouse models with specific protein kinase A and protein phosphatase 2B anchoring defects.

Main Results:

  • Ablation of AKAP150 impaired insulin secretion and reduced L-type Ca2+ currents in beta-cells.
  • AKAP150 deficiency led to improved glucose handling and enhanced insulin sensitivity in skeletal muscle.
  • Tethering of phosphatases to a specific AKAP150 sequence was identified as the primary driver of these metabolic improvements.

Conclusions:

  • AKAP150 plays a dual role in regulating insulin secretion and systemic glucose metabolism.
  • Anchoring of phosphatases by AKAP150 is a critical determinant of metabolic health.
  • Targeting AKAP150-associated phosphatase activity may offer therapeutic strategies for metabolic disorders.