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Related Concept Videos

Rheumatic Heart Disease I: Introduction01:23

Rheumatic Heart Disease I: Introduction

Rheumatic heart disease or RHD is a chronic condition that results from rheumatic fever, causing permanent damage to the heart valves.Etiology and Risk FactorsIt primarily arises from rheumatic fever, an inflammatory disease that can develop after untreated or inadequately treated group A streptococcal (GAS) pharyngitis. Streptococcus spreads through direct contact with oral or respiratory secretions. While the bacteria are the causative agents, factors like malnutrition, overcrowding, poor...
Rheumatic Heart Disease II: Clinical Manifestations and Diagnostic Studies01:22

Rheumatic Heart Disease II: Clinical Manifestations and Diagnostic Studies

The key clinical manifestations of Rheumatic heart disease (RHD) include several distinct cardiac symptoms.Carditis, a hallmark of acute rheumatic fever, involves inflammation of the heart's endocardium, myocardium, and pericardium. Chronic RHD often results from recurrent episodes of carditis. Its symptoms include the following:Murmurs are caused by valvular damage, especially to the mitral and aortic valves. Mitral stenosis or regurgitation is common, with characteristic heart murmurs...
Rheumatic Heart Disease III: Medical Management01:21

Rheumatic Heart Disease III: Medical Management

Rheumatic heart disease (RHD) management can be divided into two main strategies: prevention and long-term management.Primary PreventionPrimary prevention focuses on timely diagnosis and management of group A streptococcal pharyngitis to prevent acute rheumatic fever. The most widely used antibiotic for treating this condition is intramuscular benzathine penicillin G.Acute Rheumatic Fever TreatmentThe primary treatment goal for a patient diagnosed with acute rheumatic fever is to suppress the...
Rheumatic Heart Disease IV: Nursing Management01:20

Rheumatic Heart Disease IV: Nursing Management

AssessmentA comprehensive assessment is essential in managing a patient with rheumatic heart disease (RHD). Begin with obtaining a detailed medical history, including recent streptococcal infections, a history of rheumatic fever, or previously diagnosed rheumatic heart disease. Assess the patient for symptoms such as fever, chest pain, widespread joint pain (arthralgia), tachycardia, pericardial friction rub, muffled heart sounds, heart murmurs, peripheral edema, subcutaneous nodules, and...
Endocarditis I: Introduction01:25

Endocarditis I: Introduction

Introduction:Endocarditis is the infection of the endocardium, the inner lining of the heart and its valves. When the heart muscle is involved, the condition is termed myocarditis, while an infection of the outer lining is called pericarditis. Infective endocarditis (IE) primarily affects the endocardium, where pathogens adhere to the valves or lining, forming vegetation that can lead to severe complications. Infective endocarditis occurs when microorganisms, usually bacteria from other body...
Endocarditis III: Medical Management01:18

Endocarditis III: Medical Management

Infective endocarditis management involves a multifaceted approach encompassing infection prevention, lifestyle modifications, pharmacological therapy, and surgical management.Infection Prevention:Hand Hygiene: Thorough handwashing is crucial to prevent the spread of infection. Hand hygiene should be performed regularly, especially before and after using the restroom.Oral Hygiene: Good oral hygiene is essential. It includes brushing teeth immediately after waking up and before bed, flossing...

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Implantation of Total Artificial Heart in Congenital Heart Disease
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Rheumatic heart disease: progress and challenges in India.

Bela Shah1, Meenakshi Sharma, Rajesh Kumar

  • 1Division of Non Communicable Diseases, Indian Council of Medical Research, Ansari Nagar, New Delhi, 110029, India.

Indian Journal of Pediatrics
|September 4, 2012
PubMed
Summary
This summary is machine-generated.

Rheumatic heart disease (RHD) remains a significant health burden in developing nations, stemming from group A beta hemolytic streptococcus (GAS) infections. Effective prevention strategies, including antibiotic prophylaxis, are crucial but face challenges in implementation.

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Area of Science:

  • Cardiology
  • Infectious Diseases
  • Public Health

Background:

  • Rheumatic heart disease (RHD) is a neglected disease prevalent in India and other developing countries.
  • It arises from an autoimmune response to group A beta hemolytic streptococcus (GAS) pharyngeal infections, leading to acute rheumatic fever (RF) and subsequent RHD.
  • RF involves multisystem inflammation affecting joints, skin, and the central nervous system.

Purpose of the Study:

  • To review the current progress and challenges in the epidemiology, diagnosis, and prevention of RF and RHD.
  • To highlight the need for continued research in developing countries due to waning interest from developed nations.
  • To discuss the feasibility and obstacles of implementing prophylaxis programs for RHD prevention.

Main Methods:

  • Review of epidemiological studies on GAS pharyngitis and RHD rates in India.
  • Evaluation of echocardiography's role in RHD case detection.
  • Analysis of primary and secondary prophylaxis strategies for RF and RHD.

Main Results:

  • Epidemiological data suggests unchanged GAS pharyngitis rates in India, but RHD rate declines require cautious interpretation due to methodological differences.
  • Echocardiography enhances RHD detection, though the clinical significance of echo-diagnosed carditis needs further study.
  • Primary prophylaxis (GAS pharyngitis treatment) and secondary prophylaxis (long-term antibiotics for RF patients) are effective prevention methods.

Conclusions:

  • RHD prevention is achievable through timely treatment of GAS infections and robust secondary prophylaxis programs.
  • Challenges to secondary prophylaxis in India include the availability of benzathine penicillin G and public/practitioner concerns regarding penicillin allergies.
  • Prospective follow-up studies are essential for developing countries to advance RHD research and control efforts.