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Gene Evolution - Fast or Slow?

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The genomes of eukaryotes are punctuated by long stretches of sequence which do not code for proteins or RNAs. Although some of these regions do contain crucial regulatory sequences, the vast majority of this DNA serves no known function. Typically, these regions of the genome are the ones in which the fastest change, in evolutionary terms, is observed, because there is typically little to no selection pressure acting on these regions to preserve their sequences.
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Related Experiment Video

Updated: May 19, 2026

Polysome Fractionation and Analysis of Mammalian Translatomes on a Genome-wide Scale

Polysome Fractionation and Analysis of Mammalian Translatomes on a Genome-wide Scale

Published on: May 17, 2014

Dynamic changes in translational efficiency are deduced from codon usage of the transcriptome.

Hila Gingold¹, Orna Dahan, Yitzhak Pilpel

¹Department of Molecular Genetics, Weizmann Institute of Science, Rehovot 76100, Israel.

Nucleic Acids Research

|September 4, 2012

Summary

This summary is machine-generated.

Gene translation efficiency depends on tRNA supply and demand. Stressful conditions can alter codon usage, potentially impacting translation efficiency by favoring codons that use rare transfer RNAs (tRNAs).

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Area of Science:

Molecular Biology
Genomics
Biochemistry

Background:

Translational efficiency is crucial for gene expression and is often linked to tRNA abundance.
High-abundance tRNAs are frequently in high demand due to preferred codon usage, complicating efficiency models.
The dynamic changes in tRNA demand and supply under varying environmental conditions are not fully understood.

Purpose of the Study:

To investigate how codon usage in the transcriptome changes across different environmental conditions.
To determine the relationship between tRNA supply-demand ratios and translational efficiency under stress.
To explore the implications of codon usage dynamics for gene expression during stress responses.

Main Methods:

Analysis of mRNA expression data to compute changes in transcriptome-wide codon usage across various conditions in multiple organisms.
Examination of tRNA gene copy numbers as a proxy for tRNA supply.
Correlation analysis between codon usage patterns and tRNA availability.

Main Results:

Recurring dynamics in codon usage were observed in the transcriptome under multiple stressful conditions.
Codons translated by rare tRNAs became over-represented in the transcriptome during stress.
These findings suggest a potential dynamic shift in the tRNA pool to support stress-induced gene translation.

Conclusions:

Stress conditions induce significant changes in transcriptome codon usage, often favoring codons associated with less abundant tRNAs.
This codon usage shift may indicate a dynamic adaptation of the tRNA pool to support stress gene translation or, alternatively, reduced translation efficiency for stress-related genes.
Further research is needed to elucidate the precise mechanisms and consequences of these observed codon usage dynamics during stress.