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Impedances and Admittance

Impedances and Admittance

In the realm of AC circuits, passive circuit elements like resistors, inductors, and capacitors take on a different character when characterized by phasor voltage and current. Their behavior is expressed through impedance, a vital concept in AC circuit analysis.
Impedance is a measure of resistance to sinusoidal current flow in an AC circuit. Unlike their behavior in DC circuits, where inductors appear as short circuits and capacitors as open circuits, the behavior of these components in AC...

RLC Series Circuits: Impedance

RLC Series Circuits: Impedance

When current flow is opposed in a DC or AC circuit, it is referred to as resistance or impedance, respectively. Impedance plays a key role in determining the performance of AC circuits. It is represented by Z, which is a combination of resistance and reactance, and depends upon the angular frequency, measured in ohms.
Thus, the magnitude of the impedance is given by the following equation,

Bode Plots Construction

Bode Plots Construction

The Bode plot is an essential tool in control system analysis, mapping the frequency response of a system through a magnitude plot and a phase plot, both against a logarithmic frequency axis. To construct a Bode plot, consider the transfer function H(ω):

Impedance Combination

Impedance Combination

Consider a string of christmas lights, each bulb symbolizing an impedance element. In this series configuration, the flow of electric current remains uniform across every component. This behavior aligns with Kirchhoff's Voltage Law (KVL), which asserts that the total impedance in such a setup equals the sum of individual impedances—akin to resistors in series. It follows that the voltage from the power source is distributed proportionally among these components, adhering to the voltage division...

Instrumentation Amplifier

Instrumentation Amplifier

An electrocardiography (ECG) machine is an essential piece of medical equipment used to monitor the electrical activity of the heart. It operates by detecting small electrical changes on the skin that result from the depolarization of the heart muscle during each heartbeat. However, these signals are in the microvolt range and can be easily overwhelmed by noise or interference.
To overcome this challenge, an ECG machine utilizes an instrumentation amplifier. This specialized amplifier is...

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Related Experiment Video

Updated: May 19, 2026

Electric Cell-substrate Impedance Sensing for the Quantification of Endothelial Proliferation, Barrier Function, and Motility

Electric Cell-substrate Impedance Sensing for the Quantification of Endothelial Proliferation, Barrier Function, and Motility

Published on: March 28, 2014

Impedance measurements in the biomedical sciences.

Frederick D Coffman¹, Stanley Cohen

¹Department of Pathology and Laboratory Medicine, UMDNJ-New Jersey Medical School, Newark, NJ, USA.

Analytical Cellular Pathology (Amsterdam)

|September 4, 2012

Summary

This summary is machine-generated.

Electrical impedance measurements reveal biological changes, aiding disease detection. Advanced instruments now enable high-throughput screening of cellular impedance for biomedical research.

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Electric Cell-substrate Impedance Sensing for the Quantification of Endothelial Proliferation, Barrier Function, and Motility

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Area of Science:

Biomedical Sciences
Electrical Engineering
Cell Biology

Background:

Biological tissues and cells possess distinct electrical impedance properties.
These properties change with structural, compositional, and metabolic alterations, indicating disease states.
Over a century, instruments and methods have evolved for measuring biological impedance.

Purpose of the Study:

To review the diverse applications of electrical impedance measurements in biomedical sciences.
To highlight the progression from whole-body analysis to single-cell impedance measurements.
To discuss the role of cellular impedance instruments in high-throughput screening.

Main Methods:

Review of historical and current instrumentation for electrical impedance measurements.
Analysis of analytical methods for interpreting impedance data.
Examination of applications across various biological scales.

Main Results:

Electrical impedance is a sensitive indicator of biological state and disease.
Technological advancements have enabled precise impedance measurements from whole organisms to single cells.
High-throughput screening using cellular impedance is a growing application.

Conclusions:

Electrical impedance measurements are a valuable tool in biomedical research and clinical settings.
The field has seen significant advancements in measurement techniques and applications.
Cellular impedance analysis offers powerful capabilities for modern high-throughput screening.